Demand for the high-precision and high-efficiency machining of hard ceramics, such as silicon carbide for semiconductors and hardened steel for molding dies, has significantly increased for optical and medical devices as well as for powered devices in automobiles. Certain types of hard metals can be machined by deterministic precision-cutting processes. However, hard and brittle ceramics, hardened steel for molds, and semiconductor materials have to be machined using precision abrasive technologies, such as grinding, polishing, and ultrasonic vibration technologies that use diamond super abrasives. The machining of high-precision components and their molds/dies using abrasive processes is very difficult due to their complex and nondeterministic natures as well as their complex textured surfaces. Furthermore, the development of new cutting-edge tools or machining methods and the active use of physicochemical phenomena are key to the development of high-precision and high-efficiency machining.

This special issue features 11 research papers on the most recent advances in precision abrasive technologies. These papers cover the following topics:

– Characteristics of abrasive grains in creep-feed grinding

– Quantitative evaluation of the surface profiles of grinding wheels

– ELID grinding using elastic wheels

– Nano-topographies of ground surfaces

– Novel grinding wheels

– Grinding characteristics of turbine blade materials

– Polishing mechanisms

– Polishing technologies using magnetic fluid slurries

– Application of ultrasonic vibration machining

– Turning and rotary cutting technologies

This issue is expected to help its readers to understand recent developments in abrasive technologies and to lead to further research.

We deeply appreciate the careful work of all the authors, and we thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.

The 12th Best Paper Award 2021 ceremony was held virtually on September 13, 2021. Since the influence of COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, the winners and IJAT committee members who took part in the selection process attended through Zoom. The Best Paper was carefully selected from among the 97 papers published in Vol.14 (2020). The Best Paper Award winners were given a certificate with a nearly USD 1,000 honorarium.

We congratulate the winners and sincerely wish them success in the future.

The Best Paper Award 2021

Evaluation of Machine Tool Spindle Using Carbon Fiber Composite

by Ryo Kondo, Daisuke Kono, and Atsushi Matsubara

Int. J. of Automation Technology, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 294-303, 2020

doi: 10.20965/ijat.2020.p0294

“The digital transformation can be understood as the changes that the digital technology causes or influences in all aspects of human life” (definition by Prof. Erik Stolterman). In order to manufacture high value-added products and create a sustainable society, the digital transformation, based on advanced precision engineering, will be an urgent task within manufacturing systems.

This special issue consists of eight excellent research papers that focus on advanced precision engineering in manufacturing systems. All research papers were presented at the 18th International Conference on Precision Engineering (ICPE2020). The ICPE2020 covered various topics, including digital design, CAD/CAM technology, traditional cutting/grinding, non-traditional additive manufacturing, machine tools, measurement, robotics, control, and others. Held during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was a virtual conference that saw 189 papers presented in the oral session and 38 papers presented in poster session. The COVID-19 pandemic demands the innovation of current manufacturing systems with new concepts and methodologies, and the editors hope that the research papers in this special issue give us valuable information for the digital transformation of manufacturing systems.

All papers were refereed through careful peer reviews. The editors deeply appreciate the efforts and excellent work of all the authors and anonymous reviewers in realizing this special issue. Finally, we hope that future research on precision engineering in manufacturing will further contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of our global society.

The industrial robot is more precisely an “automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator, programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile” (ISO 8373:2012). According to the International Federation of Robotics, by 2018, more than 400,000 new units were being installed annually, and the global average robot density in the manufacturing industry was 99 robots per 10,000 employees. More than 30% of all installed robots were in the automotive industry, the biggest customer for robots.

Research on measuring and calibrating, modeling, programming and controlling, and integrating systems has been conducted to give robotic manipulators a wider variety of industrial applications. This special issue covers technical and academic efforts related to new technologies that improve the accuracy and facilitate the implementation of robotic manipulators in industrial applications.

The first paper, by Ibaraki et al., outlines technical issues and future research directions for the implementation of model-based numerical compensation schemes for industrial robots. The random forest method is used by Kato et al. to construct a calibration model for positioning errors and identify industrial robots’ positioning errors. A procedure for the quasi-static compliance calibration of serial articulated industrial manipulators is proposed by Theissen et al. A review of the kinematic modeling theory and a derived algorithm to identify error sources for a six-axis industrial robot are presented by Alam et al. Nagao et al. derive a forward kinematics model and identify the kinematics parameters for the calibration of a robot-type machine tool. A novel trajectory generation algorithm, including a corner smoothing method for high-speed and high-accuracy machining by industrial robots, is proposed by Tajima et al. Sato et al. study the vibration characteristics of an industrial robot and derive a mathematical model that represents the dynamic behavior of the system. In the context of smart manufacturing, a multilayer quality inspection framework including a measurement instrument and a robot manipulator is introduced by Azamfirei et al. To support mass customization and the development of reconfigurable manufacturing systems, Inoue et al. propose an autonomous mobile robotic manipulator. Yonemoto and Suwa present an adaptive manipulation procedure to establish an automated scheduling technique that flexibly responds to unforeseen events, such as machine failures. Sasatake et al. introduce a learning system that is based on a method for calculating the similarity between tools, and they test it on a robot system for doing housework. Finally, for better knowledge of the key challenges that manufacturers experience in implementing collaborative industrial robots, an industrial survey is conducted by Andersson et al.

The editors sincerely appreciate the contributions of all the authors as well as the work of the reviewers. We are confident that this special issue will further encourage research and engineering work to increase our understanding and knowledge of robotic manipulators and their industrial applications.

In recent years, manufacturing technologies have been progressing with the high demands of industry. In the automobile and aircraft industries, for example, the manufacturing processes have been requiring for technologies that allow for high machining rates of lightweight and/or difficult-to-cut materials. Medical device production includes the machining of biocompatible materials that have high mechanical strength. Information devices require high quality in ultra-precision manufacturing processes. Measurement and characterization technologies in manufacturing have also been essential in the progress. Along with evolution of manufacturing technologies, scientific studies have been done on manufacturing phenomena and the control of processes, based on physical and/or mathematical aspects.

This special issue is promoted by the International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials & Processing (LEM&P2020), which was canceled to protect the health and wellness of our community from COVID-19, and by the Research Committee of Cutting Technologies in the Japan Society for Precision Engineering.

This special issue includes 17 papers that detail progress and innovations in the following areas:

– Characterization of materials

– Fundamental study and modeling of material removal process

– Manufacturing control and optimization

– Manufacturing processes for new/hard materials

– Micro-/Nano-scale manufacturing

– Tool manufacturing and performance

– Metrology and evaluation

– Surface characterization

This special issue also includes not only technical but also scientific discussions, suggesting new key technologies for future manufacturing. We hope this will help the readers to understand the manufacturing processes and improve their operations.

We thank the authors and the reviewers for their generous cooperation and the editing staffs for their many contributions.

The application of digital geometry processing is undergoing an extension from small industrial products to large-scale structures and environments, including plants, factories, ships, bridges, buildings, forests, and indoor/outdoor/urban environments. This extension is being supported by recent advances in long-range 3D laser scanning technology. Laser scanners are mounted on various platforms, such as tripods, wheeled vehicles, airplanes, and UAVs, and the laser scanning systems are used to efficiently acquire dense and accurate digitized 3D data of the geometry, called point clouds, of large-scale structures and environments. As another technology for the acquisition of digital 3D data of structures and environments, 3D reconstruction methods from digital images are also attracting a great deal of attention because of their flexibility.

The utilization of digital 3D data for various purposes still has many challenges, however, in terms of data processing. The extraction of accurate and meaningful information from the data is an especially important and difficult problem, and many studies on object and scene recognition are being conducted in many fields. How to acquire useful and high-quality digital 3D data of large-scale structures and environments is another problem to be solved for digital geometry processing to be widely used.

This special issue addresses the latest research advances in digital geometry processing for large-scale structures and environments. It covers a broad range of topics in geometry processing, including new technologies, systems, and reviews for 3D data acquisition, recognition, and modeling of ships, factories, plants, forests, river dikes, and urban environments.

The papers will help the readers explore and share their knowledge and experience in technologies and development techniques in this area. All papers were refereed through careful peer reviews. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the authors for their excellent submissions and to the reviewers for their invaluable efforts in producing this special issue.

Due to changes in the global industrial structure, the number of employees in the manufacturing industry has decreased in developed countries. One of solutions to this situation offered in Industry 4.0 is “the utilization of robots and AI as alternatives to skilled workers.” This solution has been applied to various operations conventionally performed by skilled workers and has yielded consistent results. A skilled worker has two skills, namely, “physical operation skill” and “decision making skill,” which correspond to the utilization of robots and AI, respectively.

Conventionally, robots have simply played back programs they were taught. However, owing to feedback technologies using force, position, or various other sensors, robots have come to be able to perform smart operations. In some of these, the capabilities of robots exceed those of human workers. For example, while humans are highly adaptive to various operations, it is difficult for them to maintain a constant force or position for long periods of time.

Generally, humans make decisions about operations according to their experience, and this experience is gained from many instances of trial and error. Now, the trial-and-error learning of AI has become significantly superior to that of humans in terms of both number and speed. As a result, many systems can find operational strategies or answers much faster than humans can.

This special issue features papers on robot hands, path planning, kinematics, and AI. Papers related to robot hands present an actuator using new principles, new movements, and the realization of the precise sense of the human hand. Papers related to path planning present path generation on the basis of CAD data, path generation using image processing, automatic path generation on the basis of environmental information, and the prediction of error and correction. Path generation using VR technology and error compensation using an AI technique are also presented. A paper related to kinematics presents the analysis and evaluation of a new mechanism with the aim of new applications in the field of machining.

In closing, I would like to thank the authors, reviewers, and editors, without whose hard work and earnest cooperation this issue could not have been completed and presented.

As abrasive technologies are currently indispensable for production processes in the automotive, aerospace, optics, telecommunications, and healthcare industries, among others, it is essential that the application of abrasive processing to production be optimized and improved. To those ends, it is necessary to understand how to approach the task, as there are many processing factors to consider. However, priority is given to understanding the abrasive processing mechanism that determine finishing results, as well as the relationship between the processing factors and individual conditions. Measurement, analysis, and evaluation technologies are also important. Furthermore, the development of new abrasive tools or machining fluids and the active use of physicochemical phenomena are key to the development of advanced abrasive technologies.

Cutting-edge studies focusing on advanced abrasive technologies were collected for this special issue, which includes 12 papers covering the following topics:

– Quantitative evaluation of surface profile of grinding wheel

– Elucidation of grinding mechanism, based on grinding force

– Novel grinding wheel

– High-efficiency and high-accuracy grinding of difficult-to-cut materials

– Polishing technology using magnetic fluid slurry

– Application of ultrasonic waves or ultra-fine bubbles to coolants, and their effects on them

– Planarization technology for single-crystal silicon carbide

This issue is expected to help its readers to understand recent developments in abrasive technologies and to lead to further research.

We deeply appreciate the contributions of all authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.

This is the fifth Special Issue on Design and Manufacturing for Environmental Sustainability. The first Special Issue on this topic was issued in 2009, and the previous one was in 2018. The acceptance of sustainability has been increasing, as evidenced by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), various carbon neutral movements, and, among others, the gradual recognition of potential impacts of the EU’s “Circular Economy,” which promotes circulation-based businesses to increase the employment and market competitiveness of the EU. This increase in acceptance has brought with it increased activity in the research area of design and manufacturing for environmental sustainability, with the result that this fifth Special Issue includes seventeen well-written papers, a significant increase over the six that appeared in the fourth.

The first paper “Potential Impacts of the European Union’s Circular Economy Policy on Japanese Manufacturers” overviews the EU’s Circular Economy and points out key enabling technologies. To approach environmental sustainability, we should promote various technologies related to ecodesign, process technologies, business strategy, and digital technology. At the same time, we must focus on life cycle design and management, an indispensable technology which synthesizes a sustainable circulation system by integrating the technologies mentioned above. Accordingly, this Special Issue covers both aspects, with the seventeen manuscripts in it organized as follows. The first three papers, authored by Y. Umeda et al., K. Halada, and M. Kojima, give overviews and discuss requirements for technological development. The next two manuscripts by K. Fujimoto et al. and Y. Kikuchi et al. discuss modeling, simulation, and assessment of circulation systems. Papers six to eight, written by W.-H. Chung et al., S. Yamada et al., and K. Yoda et al. develop life cycle design methods. The remaining manuscripts advance fundamental technologies. Manuscripts nine to eleven, by R. Yonemoto et al., T. Samukawa et al., and Y. Yaguchi et al., deal with sustainable manufacturing. Finally, six manuscripts by C. Tokoro et al., K. Tsuji et al., A. Ogawa et al., A. Yoshimura et al., T. Hiruta et al., and S. Nasu et al. are about life cycle processes; recycling technologies and product use phase such as car sharing and maintenance.

Most of the papers, revised and extended in response to the editor’s invitations, were originally presented at EcoDesign 2019: the 11th International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, held in Yokohama, Japan.

The editor sincerely thanks the authors and reviewers for their devoted work in making this Special Issue possible. We hope that these articles will encourage further research into design and manufacturing for environmental sustainability.

With the recent development of new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), and cloud-based systems, the smart manufacturing concept based on ICT or AI is expected to have tremendous potential to realize a digital transformation with customer involvement in production. The role of production will need to change accordingly, as it is obvious that the traditional business model based on process chains for production functionality has limitations for further growth. In production, it is necessary to consider value chains with service factors for adding innovative value to products. Value creation is an important concept to the realization of a sustainable ecosystem in production.

This special issue addresses the latest research on value creation in production and service systems. Including ten advanced research papers and one development report, it covers a wide range of topics, including smart factories, logistics, distribution with value chains; product service systems; sustainable ecosystems with value in production and service industries; the sharing economy in production systems with cloud computing; the application of digital transformations in production and service systems.

All papers and reports were refereed through careful peer reviews with experts. The editors deeply appreciate the authors for their careful work and the reviewers for their invaluable efforts, without which this special issue would not have been possible. Finally, we hope this special issue provides valuable information to our interested readers and encourages further research on value creation in production.

The “process chain” concept for the integration of multiple manufacturing processes has been attracting attention in the field of manufacturing in recent years. In a number of specialized fields, laser-based processes in particular are actively being studied, as their high flexibility allows them to be used not only as individual manufacturing processes but also in combination to develop new ones.

Most of the practical laser technologies involve heat, which can be used for thermal processing to change surface properties or for removal processing. In recent years, lasers have also been used as a heat source for additive manufacturing, as well as ultra-short-pulsed lasers being applied to non-thermal processes.

This special issue features various studies and reports that present the latest advances as well as current challenges in laser-based/assisted manufacturing. It includes nine related papers that indicate the possibilities and future of new laser processing technologies.

We deeply appreciate all the authors and reviewers for their efforts and contributions, and we also hope this special issue will encourage further research on laser-based/assisted manufacturing.

The accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) positioning system can ultimately be evaluated via measurement of a 3D vector between command and actual end-effector positions at arbitrary points over the entire workspace. This is a simple, yet challenging, metrological problem. The motion accuracy of a machine tool is traditionally evaluated on an axis-to-axis basis, with every error motion of every axis being independently measured as part of a one-dimensional measurement process in a different setup. Toward the ultimate goal of 3D position measurement over the entire workspace, research efforts have offered several new, practical measurement technologies.

This special issue covers the technical and academic efforts regarding the evaluation of machine tool accuracy. The papers in this special issue clarify the latest research frontiers regarding machine tool accuracy from a metrological viewpoint. In the first paper, by Montavon et al., error calibration technologies and their management are reviewed within the Internet of production concept. Long-term accuracy monitoring and management are clearly among the most crucial technical challenges faced regarding machine tools, and the work by Xing et al. is related to them. Ibaraki et al. presented machining tests to evaluate the thermal distortion of a machine tool. Peukert et al. studied the dynamic interaction between machine tools and their foundations. Various 3D measurement schemes for determining machine error motions have been investigated by many researchers, and some have been implemented in industrial applications. Kenno et al. and Florussen et al. investigated 3D measurement using the R-test for five-axis machines. Miller et al. studied simultaneous measurement of six-degree-of-freedom error motions of a linear axis. Nagao et al. presented an error calibration method for a parallel kinematic machine tool.

The editors appreciate the contributions of all the authors, as well as the work of the reviewers. We are confident that this special issue will further encourage research and engineering work for improving the accuracy and performance of machine tools.

The properties of a mechanical material depend not only on its chemical components but also on the micro/nano structures of its surface and interior. Attempts have been made in recent years to develop new surface/material functions through mechanical processes. For example, technologies to control various characteristics, such as friction, water repellency, and optical properties, have been developed by constructing micro/nano periodic structures on the surfaces of materials. Since these properties depend on the geometry of the surface morphology, micro/nano fabrication processes can produce a variety of properties. This indicates that the surface properties and material properties of portions of the materials can be controlled to reach optimal conditions required by machine product design. This technology is expected to lead to the advanced production of products integrating design, manufacturing, and materials in an organic way. Here, we call the materials and surfaces with their properties arbitrarily controlled in accordance with machine design “tailored functional materials and surfaces.”

This special issue features various studies and reports related to tailored functional materials and surfaces, and it includes 12 related papers and a review. They cover processing technologies that create and control various surface functions, such as water repellency, friction, biological and chemical reactions, and optical properties. They indicate the possibilities and future of new precision processing technologies.

We deeply appreciate all the authors and reviewers for their efforts and contributions. We also hope that this special issue will encourage further research on tailored functional surfaces.

The design of machine tools strongly depends on the materials chosen. Increasing requirements on machine tools require the joint optimization of material and design and thus also drive the development of new materials in this field. Digital technologies finally creating a digital shadow of the machine in development also enable the required co-development taking into consideration dynamic, thermal and long term influences and behavior, enabling state and health monitoring to increase the performance of the machine tool to the maximum possible. The choice of material for the different components of machine tools is today even more difficult than ever. The recent review paper by Möhring et al. [1] sheds light on the vast field of properties and decision opportunities of combining materials at hand with design features. In former times, cast iron was the predominant material for machine bodies and has left its footprints on the design of machine tool bodies lasting still up to now. Because massive machine bodies have been the wealth of good properties, high accuracy, stiffness, good material damping properties have been attributed to cast iron design, then with increasing strength requirements higher strength cast irons came into fashion having much less material damping and finally lead to welded frames. Today requirements of dynamics and thermal behavior change the scene again. The goal is to achieve high productivity with high accuracy, which typically is a contradiction. But increasing dynamics requires distinguishing between moving bodies and their non-moving counterparts, and opens the floor for multimaterial design. For moving parts, which have to move with high dynamics meaning, high speed, high acceleration, high jerk, light weight design prevailed with the utilization of standard materials. Because manufacturability plays a major role, the bionic structures have to be degraded to thin walled rib structures as demonstrated in Fig. 1, while in future additive manufacturing will remove that restriction and enable some real bionic structures.

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Multidisciplinary study and practice of high-precision engineering, metrology, and manufacturing have made a direct contribution to industrial and economic development in the world, providing new value creation and enhancing productivity and product quality. This special issue focuses on the latest studies in the field of precision engineering. The special issue especially features advanced technologies in the manufacturing process, metrology, machine tools, machine elements, and nano/micro mechanisms. Besides these technologies, to enhance reliability and safety in the production processes, there is a need for usability and functionality based on IoT-related technology, which is represented by Industrie 4.0 or the Industrial Internet. Therefore, many researchers have now begun to focus on cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), which can detect anomalies and self-optimize the production process by comparing actual results extracted from sensors and simulation results. From this viewpoint, advanced research related to CPPS, such as simulation-based technique, sensor-based technology, and in-depth understanding and modeling of the manufacturing process, is covered in this special issue.

In this special issue of IJAT, there are 14 research papers on precision-engineering-related topics as mentioned above. The papers, revised and extended according to the editors’ request, were originally presented at the 17th International Conference on Precision Engineering (ICPE2018), held in Kamakura, Japan, in 2018. We express our sincere thanks to the authors and reviewers for their meticulous work in helping publish this special issue. We hope these articles will encourage further research on precision engineering.

The demand for high-precision and high-efficiency machining of hard ceramics such as silicon carbide (SiC) for semiconductors and hardened steel for molding dies has significantly increased for power devices in automobiles, optical devices, and medical devices. Certain types of hard metals can be machined by deterministic precision-cutting processes. However, hard and brittle ceramics, hardened steel for molds, or semiconductor materials have to be machined by precision abrasive technologies such as grinding, polishing, and ultrasonic vibration technologies with diamond super abrasives. The machining of high-precision components and their molds/dies by abrasive processes is much more difficult owing to their complex and nondeterministic nature as well as their complex textured surface. Furthermore, high-energy processes with UV lasers and IR lasers, and ultrasonic vibration can be used to assist abrasive technologies for greater precision and efficiency. In this sense, precision grinding and polishing processes are primarily used to generate high-quality and functional components usually made of hard and brittle materials. The surface quality achieved by precision grinding and polishing processes becomes more important to reduce processing time and costs.

This special issue features seven research papers on the most recent advances in precision abrasive technologies for hard materials. These papers cover various abrasive machining processes such as grinding, polishing, ultrasonic-assisted grinding, and laser-assisted technologies.

We deeply appreciate the careful work of all the authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts. We also hope that this special issue will encourage further research on abrasive technologies.

With the 2011 launch of Industrie 4.0, a German project aiming to promote the computerization of manufacturing, the integration of physical or actual manufacturing systems with cyber-physical systems (CPS) using various technologies, such as the Internet of things (IoT), industrial Internet of things (IIOT), and artificial intelligence, is considered to be more important than ever before. One of the goals of the Industrie 4.0 is to realize smart factories or smart manufacturing using advanced digital technologies. However, the core component in the manufacturing systems is still machine tools.

This special issue, composed of eleven excellent research papers, focuses on the latest research advances in machine tools and manufacturing processes. It covers various topics, including machine tool control, tool path generation for multi-axis machining, and machine tool components. Furthermore, this special issue includes innovative machining technologies, including not only cutting and grinding processes but also the EDM process and burnishing process connected effectively with force control techniques. All the research contributions were presented at IMEC2018, a joint event with JIMTOF2018, held in Tokyo, Japan in 2018.

The editors would like to sincerely thank the authors for their dedication and for their well written and illustrated manuscripts. We are also profoundly grateful for the efforts of all the reviewers who ensured their quality. Finally, we sincerely hope that studies on machine tools and related manufacturing technologies will further contribute to the development of our global society.

“Don’t automate, augment!”

This is the takeaway of the seminal book on the future of work by Davenport and Kirby.^*1 The emergence of cyber-physical systems makes radical new products and systems possible and challenges the role of humankind. Throughout the design, manufacturing, use, maintenance, and end-of-life stages, digital aspects (sensing, inferencing, connecting) influence the physical (digital fabrication, robotics) and vice versa. A key takeaway is that such innovations can augment human capabilities to extend our mental and physical skills with computational and robotic support – a notion called “augmented well-being.” Furthermore, agile development methods, complemented by mixed-reality systems and 3D-printing systems, enable us to create and adapt such systems on the fly, with almost instant turnaround times. Following this line of thought, our special issue is entitled “Augmented Prototyping and Fabrication for Advanced Product Design and Manufacturing.”

Heavily inspired by the framework of Prof. Jun Rekimoto’s Augmented Human framework,^*2 we can discern two orthogonal axes: cognitive versus physical and reflective versus active. As depicted in Fig. 1, this creates four different quadrants with important scientific domains that need to be juxtaposed. The contributions in this special issue are valuable steps towards this concept and are briefly discussed below.

AR/VR

To drive AR to the next level, robust tracking and tracing techniques are essential. The paper by Sumiyoshi et al. presents a new algorithm for object recognition and pose estimation in a strongly cluttered environment. As an example of how AR/VR can reshape human skills training, the development report of Komizunai et al. demonstrates an endotracheal suctioning simulator that establishes an optimized, spatial display with projector-based AR.

Robotics/Cyborg

Shor et al. present an augmentation display that uses haptics to go beyond the visual senses. The display has all the elements of a robotic system and is directly coupled to the human hand. In a completely different way, the article by Mitani et al. presents a development in soft robotics: a tongue simulator development (smart sensing and production of soft material), with a detailed account of the production and the technical performance. Finally, to consider novel human-robot interaction, human body tracking is essential. The system presented by Maruyama et al. introduces human motion capture based on IME, in this case the motion of cycling.

Co-making

Augmented well-being has to consider human-centered design and new collaborative environments where the stakeholders involved in whole product life-cycle work together to deliver better solutions. Inoue et al. propose a generalized decision-making scheme for universal design which considers anthropometric diversity. In the paper by Tanaka et al., paper inspection documents are electronically superimposed on 3D design models to enable design-inspection collaboration and more reliable maintenance activities for large-scale infrastructures.

Artificial Intelligence

Nakamura et al. propose an optimization-based search for interference-free paths and the poses of equipment in cluttered indoor environments, captured by interactive RGBD scans. AR-based guidance is provided to the user.

Finally, the editors would like to express their gratitude to the authors for their exceptional contributions and to the anonymous reviewers for their devoted work. We expect that this special issue will encourage a new departure for research on augmented prototyping for product design and manufacturing.

^*1 T. H. Davenport and J. Kirby, “Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines,” Harper Business, 2016.

^*2 https://lab.rekimoto.org/about/ [Accessed June 21, 2019]

Additive manufacturing (AM) with metals is currently one of the most promising techniques for 3D-printed structures, as it has tremendous potential to produce complex, lightweight, and functionally-optimized parts. The medical, aerospace, and automotive industries are some of the many expected to reap particular benefits from the ability to produce high-quality models with reduced manufacturing costs and lead times. The main advantages of AM with metals are the flexibility of the process and the wide variety of metal materials that are available. Various materials, including steel, titanium, aluminum alloys, and nickel-based alloys, can be employed to produce end products.

The objective of this special issue is to collect recent research works focusing on AM with metals. This issue includes 5 papers covering the following topics:

– Powder bed fusion (PBF)

– Directed energy deposition (DED)

– Wire and arc-based AM (WAAM)

– Binder jetting (BJT)

– Fused deposition modeling (FDM)

This issue is expected to help readers understand recent developments in AM, leading to further research.

We deeply appreciate the contributions of all authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.

Precision surface finishing plays an important role in product quality owing to its direct effects on product appearance. As a result, automated precision surface finishing processes (APSFPs) are key technologies for industrial products and molds for forming and shaping processes. APSFPs can be divided into three main categories, namely, mechanical processes, electrochemical processes, and high energy beam processes. The objective of this special issue is to collect the cutting-edge research works focused on APSFPs. This issue includes 11 papers on APSFPs covering the following topics:

– Review of ultraprecision surface finishing processes.

– Ultraprecision surface machining and finishing with compensated feeding mechanisms.

– Ultrasonic assisted cutting of unidirectional wetting surfaces and polishing of mold steels.

– Vibration-assisted polishing of glass lenses.

– Magnetic-assisted polishing of mirror surfaces.

– Chemical-mechanical polishing of single-crystal SiC and GaN wafers.

– Direct transfer of smoothing Au surfaces.

– Plasma surface finishing of narrow channel walls of X-ray crystal monochromators.

– Analysis and characterization of finished surfaces.

It is expected that this issue will be helpful for readers to understand the recent developments in APSFPs and will lead to further research on APSFPs.

We deeply appreciate the contributions of all authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.