Top > JDR > Ebola and Marburg Viruses

single-dr.php

JDR Vol.6 No.4 pp. 381-389
(2011)
doi: 10.20965/jdr.2011.p0381

Review:

Views over last 60 days: 683

Ebola and Marburg Viruses

Eri Nakayama and Ayato Takada

Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan

Received:
January 30, 2011
Accepted:
March 28, 2011
Published:
August 1, 2011
Creative Commons License
Keywords:
Ebola virus, Marburg virus, filovirus, Hemorrhagic fever, biosafety level 4
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses, members of the filovirus family, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates and are classified as biosafety level 4 agents. No effective filovirus-specific prophylaxis or treatment is yet commercially available. Filovirus species vary genetically, with one in the Marburg virus group and five in the Ebola virus group. Epidemiological efforts to prevent outbreaks lie mainly in identifying natural animal reservoirs. Increasingly frequent outbreaks in Africa and concerns about bioterrorism and imported cases in nonendemic areas point to the importance of public health in two ways – finding strategies to control disease outbreak and developing effective vaccines and drugs.
Cite this article as:
E. Nakayama and A. Takada, “Ebola and Marburg Viruses,” J. Disaster Res., Vol.6 No.4, pp. 381-389, 2011.
Data files:
References
  1. [1] A. Sanchez, T. W. Geisbert TW, and H. Feldmann, “Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola Viruses,” In Fields Virology 5th edition. Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds.), pp. 1409-1448. Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2007.
  2. [2] T. W. Geisbert and L. E. Hensley, “Ebola Virus: New Insights into Disease Aetiopathology and Possible Therapeutic Interventions,” Expert Review of Molecular Medicine, Vol.6, pp. 1-24, 2004.
  3. [3] J. S. Towner, T. K. Sealy, M. L. Khristova, C. G. Albariño, S. Conlan, S. A. Reeder, P. L. Quan, W. I. Lipkin, R. Downing, J. W. Tappero, S. Okware, J. Lutwama, B. Bakamutumaho, J. Kayiwa,J. A. Comer, P. E. Rollin, T. G. Ksiazek, and S. T. Nichol, “Newly Discovered Ebola Virus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Uganda,” PLoS Pathogens, Vol.4, e1000212, 2008.
  4. [4] A. Takada and Y. Kawaoka, “The Pathogenesis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever,” Trends Microbiology, Vol.9, pp. 506-511, 2001.
  5. [5] T. Hoenen, A. Groseth, D. Falzarano, and H. Feldmann, “Ebola Virus: Unravelling Pathogenesis to Combat a Deadly Disease,” Trends Molecular Medicine, Vol.12, pp. 206-215, 2006.
  6. [6] K. Matsuno and A. Takada, “Antibody Therapy as a Future Treatment Option for Ebola Virus Infection,” Future Virology, Vol.2, pp. 607-614, 2007.
  7. [7] E. Nakayama, A. Yokoyama, H. Miyamoto, M. Igarashi, N. Kishida, K. Matsuno, A. Marzi, H. Feldmann, K. Ito, M. Saijo, and A. Takada, “Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Filovirus Species-Specific Antibodies,” Clinical Vaccine Immunology, Vol.17, pp. 1723-1728, 2010.
  8. [8] A. S. Kondratowicz, N. J. Lennemann, P. L. Sinn, R. A. Davey, C. L. Hunt, S. Moller-Tank, D. K. Meyerholz, P. Rennert, R. F.Mullins, M. Brindley, L.M. Sandersfeld, K. Quinn, M.Weller, P. B. Jr. McCray, J. Chiorini, and W. Maury, “T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 1 (TIM-1) is a Receptor for Zaire Ebolavirus and Lake Victoria Marburgvirus,” Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol.108, pp. 8426-8431, 2011.
  9. [9] H. J. Schnittler and H. Feldmann, “Molecular Pathogenesis of Filovirus Infections: Role of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells,” CurrentTopics of Microbiology and Immunology, Vol.235, pp. 175-204, 1999.
  10. [10] K. J. Davis, A. O. Anderson, T.W. Geisbert, K. E. Steele, J. B. Geisbert, P. Vogel , B. M. Connolly, J. W. Huggins, P. B. Jahrling, and N. K. Jaax, “Pathology of Experimental Ebola Virus Infection in African Green Monkeys. Involvement of Fibroblastic Reticular Cells,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vol.121, pp. 805-819, 1997.
  11. [11] H. J. Schnittler and H. Feldmann, “Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers: Does the primary course of infection depend on the accessibility of organ-specific macrophages?,” Clin. Infect. Dis, Vol.27, pp. 404-406, 1998.
  12. [12] S. Baize, E. M. Leroy, M. C. Georges-Courbot, M. Capron, J. Lansoud-Soukate, P. Debré, S. P. Fisher-Hoch, J. B. McCormick, and A. J. Georges, “Defective Humoral Responses and Extensive Intravascular Apoptosis are Associated with Fatal Outcome in Ebola Virus-Infected Patients,” Nature Medicine, Vol.5, pp. 423-426, 1999.
  13. [13] C. F. Basler and G. K. Amarasinghe, “Evasion of Interferon Responses by Ebola and Marburg Viruses,” J. of Interferon Cytokine Research, Vol.29, pp. 511-520, 2009.
  14. [14] C. Valmas, M. N. Grosch, M. Schümann, J. Olejnik, O. Martinez, S. M. Best, V. Krähling, C. F. Basler, E. Mühlberger, “Marburg Virus Evades Interferon Responses by a Mechanism Distinct from Ebola Virus,” PLoS Pathogens, Vol.6, e1000721, 2010.
  15. [15] J. S. Towner, B. R. Amman, T. K. Sealy, S. A. Carroll, J. A. Comer, A. Kemp, R. Swanepoel, C. D. Paddock, S. Balinandi, M. L. Khristova, P. B. Formenty, C. G. Albarino, D. M. Miller, Z. D. Reed, J. T. Kayiwa, J. N.Mills, D. L. Cannon, P.W. Greer, E. Byaruhanga, E. C. Farnon, P. Atimnedi, S. Okware, E. Katongole-Mbidde, R. Downing, J. W. Tappero, S. R. Zaki, T. G. Ksiazek, S. T. Nichol, and P. E. Rollin, “Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats,” PLoS Pathogens, Vol.5, e1000536, 2009.
  16. [16] E. M. Leroy, B. Kumulungui, X. Pourrut, P. Rouquet, A. Hassanin, P. Yaba, A. Délicat, J. T. Paweska, J. P. Gonzalez, and R. Swanepoel, “Fruit Bats as Reservoirs of Ebola Virus,” Nature, Vol.438, pp. 575-576, 2005.
  17. [17] D. G. Bausch, A. G. Sprecher, B. Jeffs, and P. Boumandouki, “Treatment of Marburg and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fevers: a Strategy for Testing New Drugs and Vaccines Under Outbreak Conditions,” Antiviral Research, Vol.78, pp. 150-161, 2008.
  18. [18] E. M. Leroy, P. Rouquet, P. Formenty, S. Souquière, A. Kilbourne, J. M. Froment, M. Bermejo, S. Smit, W. Karesh, R. Swanepoel, S. R. Zaki, and P. E. Rollin, “Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife,” Science, Vol.303, pp. 387-390, 2004.
  19. [19] H. Feldmann, V. Wahl-Jensen, S. M. Jones, and U. Ströher, “Ebola Virus Ecology: a Continuing Mystery,” Trends in Microbiology, Vol.12, pp. 433-437, 2004.
  20. [20] D. G. Bausch, S. T. Nichol, J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum, M. Borchert, P. E. Rollin, H. Sleurs, P. Campbell, F. K. Tshioko, C. Roth, R. Colebunders, P. Pirard, S. Mardel, L. A. Olinda, H. Zeller, A. Tshomba, A. Kulidri, M. L. Libande, S. Mulangu, P. Formenty, T. Grein, H. Leirs, L. Braack, T. Ksiazek, S. Zaki, M. D. Bowen, S. B. Smit, P. A. Leman, F. J. Burt, A. Kemp, and R. Swanepoel, “Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Multiple Genetic Lineages of Virus,” New England J. of Medicine, Vol.355, pp. 909-919, 2006.
  21. [21] E. M. Leroy, A. Epelboin, V. Mondonge, X. Pourrut, J. P. Gonzalez, J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum, and P. Formenty, “Human Ebola Outbreak Resulting from Direct Exposure to Fruit Bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007,” Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, Vol.9, pp. 723-728, 2009.
  22. [22] D. G. Bausch, J. S. Towner, S. F. Dowell, F. Kaducu, M. Lukwiya, A. Sanchez, S. T. Nichol, T. G. Ksiazek, and P. E. Rollin, “Assessment of the Risk of Ebola Virus Transmission from Bodily Fluids and Fomites,” J Infect Dis, Vol.196, pp. 142-147, 2007.
  23. [23] R.W. Barrette, S. A. Metwally, J. M. Rowland, L. Xu, S. R. Zaki, S. T. Nichol, P. E. Rollin, J. S. Towner, W. J. Shieh, B. Batten, T. K. Sealy, C. Carrillo, K. E. Moran, A. J. Bracht, G. A. Mayr, M. Sirios-Cruz, D. P. Catbagan, E. A. Lautner, T. G. Ksiazek, W. R. White, and M. T. McIntosh, “Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston Ebolavirus,” Science, Vol.325, pp. 204-206, 2009.
  24. [24] L. Allela, O. Boury, R. Pouillot, A. Délicat, P. Yaba, B. Kumulungui, P. Rouquet, J. P. Gonzalez, and E. M. Leroy, “Ebola Virus Antibody Prevalence in Dogs and Human Risk,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol.11, pp. 385-390, 2005.
  25. [25] D. S. Reed and M. Mohamadzadeh, “Status and Challenges of Filovirus Vaccines,” Vaccine, Vol.25, pp. 1923-1934, 2007.
  26. [26] A. Bukreyev, P. E. Rollin, M. K. Tate, L. Yang, S. R. Zaki, W. J. Shieh, B. R. Murphy, P. L. Collins, and A. Sanchez, “Successful Topical Respiratory Tract Immunization of Primates Against Ebola Virus,” J. of Virology, Vol.81, pp. 6379-6388, 2007.
  27. [27] S. M. Jones, H. Feldmann, U. Ströher, J. B. Geisbert, L. Fernando, A. Grolla, H. D. Klenk, N. J. Sullivan, V. E. Volchkov, E. A. Fritz, K. M. Daddario, L. E. Hensley, P. B. Jahrling, and T. W. Geisbert, “Live Attenuated Recombinant Vaccine Protects Nonhuman Primates Against Ebola and Marburg Viruses,” Nature Medicine, Vol.11, pp. 786-790, 2005.
  28. [28] N. J. Sullivan, A. Sanchez, P. E. Rollin, Z. Y. Yang, and G. J. Nabel, “Development of a Preventive Vaccine for Ebola Virus Infection in Primates,” Nature, Vol.408, pp. 605-609, 2000.
  29. [29] G. G. Olinger, M. A. Bailey, J. M. Dye, R. Bakken, A. Kuehne, J. Kondig, J.Wilson, R. J. Hogan, andM. K. Hart, “Protective Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses Induced by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicons Expressing Ebola Virus Proteins,” J. of Virology, Vol.79, pp. 14189-14196, 2005.
  30. [30] N. J. Sullivan, T. W. Geisbert, J. B. Geisbert, D. J. Shedlock, L. Xu, L. Lamoreaux, J. H. Custers, P. M. Popernack, Z. Y. Yang, M. G. Pau, M. Roederer, R. A. Koup, J. Goudsmit, P. B. Jahrling, and G. J. Nabel, “Immune Protection of Nonhuman Primates Against Ebola Virus with Single Low-Dose Adenovirus Vectors Encoding Modified GPs,” PLoS Medicine, Vol.3, e177, 2006.
  31. [31] T. Maruyama, L. L. Rodriguez, P. B. Jahrling, A. Sanchez, A. S. Khan, S. T. Nichol, C. J. Peters, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton, “Ebola Virus can be Effectively Neutralized by Antibody Produced in Natural Human Infection,” J. of Virology, Vol.73, pp. 6024-6030, 1999.
  32. [32] T. W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, J. B. Geisbert, and P. B. Jahrling, “Evidence Against an Important Role for Infectivity-Enhancing Antibodies in Ebola Virus Infections,” Virology, Vol.293, pp. 15-19, 2002.
  33. [33] A. Takada, H. Ebihara, F. Feldmann, T. W. Geisbert, and Y. Kawaoka, “Epitopes Required for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.196 Supplement 2, pp. S347-356, 2007.
  34. [34] R. T. Emond, B. Evans, E. T. Bowen, and G. Lloyd, “A Case of Ebola Virus Infection,” British Medical J., Vol.2, pp. 541-544, 1977.
  35. [35] K. Mupapa, M. Massamba, K. Kibadi, K. Kuvula, A. Bwaka, M. Kipasa, R. Colebunders, and J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum, “Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.179 Supplement 1, pp. S18-23, 1999.
  36. [36] R. F. Sadek, A. S. Khan, G. Stevens, C. J. Peters, and T. G. Ksiazek, “Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Determinants of Survival,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.179 Supplement 1, pp. S24-27, 1999.
  37. [37] N. M. Kudoyarova-Zubavichene, N. N. Sergeyev, A. A. Chepurnov, and S. V. Netesov, “Preparation and Use of Hyperimmune Serum for Prophylaxis and Therapy of Ebola Virus Infections,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.179 Supplement 1, pp. S218-223, 1999.
  38. [38] P. B. Jahrling, J. Geisbert, J. R. Swearengen, G. P. Jaax, T. Lewis, J. W. Huggins, J. J. Schmidt, J. W. LeDuc, and C. J. Peters, “Passive Immunization of Ebola Virus-Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys with Immunoglobulin from Hyperimmune Horses,” Archives of Virology, Supplement Vol.11, pp. 135-140, 1996.
  39. [39] A. Takada and Y. Kawaoka, “Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Infection: Molecular Mechanisms and in Vivo Implications,” Reviews in Medical Virology, Vol.13, pp. 387-398, 2003.
  40. [40] A. Takada, H. Feldmann, T. G. Ksiazek, and Y. Kawaoka, “Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection,” J. of Virology, Vol.77, pp. 7539-7544, 2003.
  41. [41] A. Takada, S. Watanabe, K. Okazaki, H. Kida, and Y. Kawaoka, “Infectivity-Enhancing Antibodies to Ebola Virus Glycoprotein,” J. of Virology, Vol.75, pp. 2324-2330, 2001.
  42. [42] A. Takada, H. Feldmann, U. Stroeher, M. Bray, S.Watanabe, H. Ito, M. McGregor, and Y. Kawaoka, “Identification of Protective Epitopes on Ebola Virus Glycoprotein at the Single Amino Acid Level by Using Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses,” J. of Virology, Vol.77, pp. 1069-1074, 2003.
  43. [43] J. A. Wilson, M. Hevey, R. Bakken, S. Guest, M. Bray, A. L. Schmaljohn, and M. K. Hart, “Epitopes Involved in Antibody-Mediated Protection from Ebola Virus,” Science, Vol.287, pp. 1664-1666, 2000.
  44. [44] A. Takada, H. Ebihara, S. Jones, H. Feldmann, and Y. Kawaoka, “Protective Efficacy of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Ebola Virus Infection,” Vaccine, Vol.25, pp. 993-999, 2007.
  45. [45] P. W. Parren, T. W. Geisbert, T. Maruyama, P. B. Jahrling, and D. R. Burton, “Pre- and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Ebola Virus Infection in an Animal Model by Passive Transfer of a Neutralizing Human Antibody,” J. of Virology, Vol.76, pp. 6408-6412, 2002.
  46. [46] W. B. Oswald, T.W. Geisbert, K. J. Davis, J. B. Geisbert, N. J. Sullivan, P. B. Jahrling, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton, “Neutralizing Antibody Fails to Impact the Course of Ebola Virus Infection in Monkeys,” PLoS Pathogens, Vol.3, e9, 2007.
  47. [47] M. Hevey, D. Negley, and A. Schmaljohn, “Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Marburg Virus (Strain Musoke) Glycoprotein and Identification of Two Protective Epitopes,” Virology, Vol.314, pp. 350-357, 2003.
  48. [48] T. W. Geisbert, H. A. Young, P. B. Jahrling, K. J. Davis, E. Kagan, and L. E. Hensley, “Mechanisms Underlying Coagulation Abnormalities in Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Overexpression of Tissue Factor in Primate Monocytes/Macrophages is a Key Event,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.188, pp. 1618-1629, 2003.
  49. [49] T.W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, P. B. Jahrling, T. Larsen, J. B. Geisbert, J. Paragas, H. A. Young, T. M. Fredeking, W. E. Rote, and G. P. Vlasuk, “Treatment of Ebola Virus Infection with a Recombinant Inhibitor of Factor VIIa/Tissue Factor: a Study in Rhesus Monkeys,” Lancet, Vol.362, pp. 1953-1958, 2003.
  50. [50] T. W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, E. Kagan, E. Z. Yu, J. B. Geisbert, K. Daddario-DiCaprio, E. A. Fritz, P. B. Jahrling, K. McClintock, J. R. Phelps, A. C. Lee, A. Judge, L. B. Jeffs, and I. MacLachlan, “Postexposure Protection of Guinea Pigs Against a Lethal Ebola Virus Challenge is Conferred by RNA Interference,” J. of Infectious Diseases, Vol.193, pp. 1650-1657, 2006.
  51. [51] T.W. Geisbert, A. C. Lee, M. Robbins, J. B. Geisbert, A. N. Honko, V. Sood, J. C. Johnson, S. de Jong, I. Tavakoli, A. Judge, L. E. Hensley, and I. Maclachlan, “Postexposure Protection of Non-Human Primates Against a Lethal Ebola Virus Challenge with RNA Interference: a Proof-of-Concept Study,” Lancet, Vol.375, pp. 1896-1905, 2010.
  52. [52] M. Mohamadzadeh, L. Chen, and A. L. Schmaljohn, “How Ebola and Marburg Viruses Battle the Immune System,” Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol.7, pp. 556-567, 2007.
  53. [53] S. Mahanty, K. Hutchinson, S. Agarwal, M. McRae, P. E. Rollin, and B. Pulendran, “Cutting Edge: Impairment of Dendritic Cells and Adaptive Immunity by Ebola and Lassa Viruses,” J. of Immunology, Vol.170, pp. 2797-2801, 2003.
  54. [54] T. W. Geisbert, L. E. Hensley, T. R. Gibb, K. E. Steele, N. K. Jaax, and P. B. Jahrling, “Apoptosis Induced in Vitro and in Vivo During Infection by Ebola and Marburg Viruses,” Laboratory Investigation, Vol.80, pp. 171-186, 2000.
  55. [55] T. W. Geisbert, H. A. Young, P. B. Jahrling, K. J. Davis, T. Larsen, E. Kagan, and L. E. Hensley, “Pathogenesis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Cynomolgus Macaques: Evidence that Dendritic Cells are Early and Sustained Targets of Infection,” American J. of Pathology, Vol.163, pp. 2347-2370, 2003.

Creative Commons License  This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.

*This site is desgined based on HTML5 and CSS3 for modern browsers, e.g. Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, Opera.

Last updated on Sep. 09, 2024