In What Sense is “the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game” a Dilemma for a Human or a Programmed Agent?

Shihomi Wada; Keiji Suzuki

doi:10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0833

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JACIII Vol.11 No.7 pp. 833-841

doi: 10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0833

(2007)

Paper:

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In What Sense is “the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game” a Dilemma for a Human or a Programmed Agent?

Shihomi Wada and Keiji Suzuki

Future University-Hakodate, 116-2 Kamedanakano town, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8655, Japan

Received:

January 16, 2007

Accepted:

June 15, 2007

Published:

September 20, 2007

Keywords:

double-bind prisone’s dilemma game, prisoner’s dilemma game, reinforcement learning

Abstract

In this paper, we compare the experimental results of human agents with that of programmed agents using the double-bind prisoner’s dilemma game, in which an ordinary prisoner’s dilemma game is nested into another dilemma; that is, a player has to decide firstly if s/he will play prisoner’s dilemma or not. Comparing human-agent experimental results with programmed agent experimental results, we found remarkable similarities and differences as follows: (1) when cooperation is chosen in the second stage, both human and programmed agents show similar distributions of the first choices, (2) in the case when agents choose defection in the second stage, human agents have a tendency to play an ordinary prisoner’s dilemma game, (3) in the case when agents choose defection in the second stage, programmed agents show almost equal distribution. These results suggest that programmed agents may be cooperators and get close to the Pareto optimal equilibrium in an appropriate setting.

Cite this article as:

S. Wada and K. Suzuki, “In What Sense is “the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game” a Dilemma for a Human or a Programmed Agent?,” J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform., Vol.11 No.7, pp. 833-841, 2007.

Data files:

References

[1] D. Challet and Y. C. Zhang, “Emergence of Cooperation and Organization in An Evolutionary Game,” Physica A, 246, pp. 407-418, 1997.
[2] F. K. Chow and H. F. Chau, “Multiple Choice Minority Game,” Physica A, 319, pp. 601-615, 2003.
[3] N. Feltvich, “Reinforcement-based vs. Belief-based Learning Models in Experimental Asymmetric-information Games,” Econometrica, 68, (3), pp. 605-641, 2000.
[4] T. Fukaya, “Milk’s popularity on the wane,” Daily Yomiuri, Apr. 18, 2006.
[5] C. Hauert, S. D. Monte, and J. Hofbauer, “Volunteering as Red Queen Mechanism for Cooperation in Public Goods Games,” Science, 296, pp. 1129-1132, 2002.
[6] J. H. Orbell and R. M. Dawes, “Social welfare, cooperators’ advantage, and the option of not playing the game,” American Sociological Review, 58, pp. 787-800, 1993.
[7] H. Sagara and J. Tanimoto, “What causes for Dilemma in the socalled Dilemma Games?” IPSJ SIG Technical Reports, 2005 (24), pp. 43-48, 2005.
[8] S.Wada and K. Suzuki, “How to Reach Pareto Optimum in Doublebind Prisoner’s Dilemma Game,” Proceedings of Joint 3rd International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 7th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS & ISIS 2006), CD-ROM.

This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.

[1] [1] D. Challet and Y. C. Zhang, “Emergence of Cooperation and Organization in An Evolutionary Game,” Physica A, 246, pp. 407-418, 1997.

[2] [2] F. K. Chow and H. F. Chau, “Multiple Choice Minority Game,” Physica A, 319, pp. 601-615, 2003.

[3] [3] N. Feltvich, “Reinforcement-based vs. Belief-based Learning Models in Experimental Asymmetric-information Games,” Econometrica, 68, (3), pp. 605-641, 2000.

[4] [4] T. Fukaya, “Milk’s popularity on the wane,” Daily Yomiuri, Apr. 18, 2006.

[5] [5] C. Hauert, S. D. Monte, and J. Hofbauer, “Volunteering as Red Queen Mechanism for Cooperation in Public Goods Games,” Science, 296, pp. 1129-1132, 2002.

[6] [6] J. H. Orbell and R. M. Dawes, “Social welfare, cooperators’ advantage, and the option of not playing the game,” American Sociological Review, 58, pp. 787-800, 1993.

[7] [7] H. Sagara and J. Tanimoto, “What causes for Dilemma in the socalled Dilemma Games?” IPSJ SIG Technical Reports, 2005 (24), pp. 43-48, 2005.

[8] [8] S.Wada and K. Suzuki, “How to Reach Pareto Optimum in Doublebind Prisoner’s Dilemma Game,” Proceedings of Joint 3rd International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 7th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS & ISIS 2006), CD-ROM.