Panic and Crowd Disaster in Underground Space

Naoya Sekiya

doi:10.20965/jdr.2016.p0306

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JDR Vol.11 No.2 pp. 306-314

(2016)

doi: 10.20965/jdr.2016.p0306

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Panic and Crowd Disaster in Underground Space

Naoya Sekiya

The Center for Integrated Disaster Information Research (CIDIR),
The Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies (III), the University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Received:

September 3, 2015

Accepted:

December 11, 2015

Online released:

March 18, 2016

Published:

March 1, 2016

Keywords:

panic, crowd disaster, collective phenomenon, collective behavior

Abstract

In this paper panic and crowd disaster are discussed. In order to prevent heavy casualties in an underground space, it is crucial to determine whether panic escape behavior as a collective phenomenon would occur at the time of an earthquake, flood, and fire, etc. in such a space.
There has yet to be an occurrence of collective panic in an underground space. Panic escape behavior and crowd disaster have the characteristic that despite the low rate of incidence they may cause many casualties, once they happen. Therefore, it is crucial that the measures are taken against panic and crowd surge in the underground in the urban area, although they never occurred in the past.

Cite this article as:

N. Sekiya, “Panic and Crowd Disaster in Underground Space,” J. Disaster Res., Vol.11 No.2, pp. 306-314, 2016.

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References

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[3] N. J. Smelser, “Theory of Collective Behavior,” New York, Macmillan, 1963 (Japanese translation: Aida Akira & Kihara Takashi, Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1973) .
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[21] M. Etsuya, “Introduction to Panic Studies – Elimination of Afterimages,” Tokyo, Tokyo and Paris Company, 1974 (in Japanese).
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[23] A. J. Bachrach and G. H. Egstorm, “Stress and Performance in Diving,” Best Publishing, 1987 (Japanese translation: translated by S. Kunihiro and M. Yoshihiro, “Diver and Panic,” Tokyo, Inoue Shoin, 1988).
[24] G. Le Bon, “Psychologie des Foules,” Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1895 (Japanese translation: translated by Sakurai Naruo, Tokyo: Kodansha ltd., 1993).
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[28] D. P. Schultz, “Theories of panic behavior: A review,” Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.39, pp. 317-328, 1965.
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[31] H. Yosiaki, N. Isao, T. Daisuke, N. Hiromichi, F. Mitsuru, and M. Yasutosi, “Consciousness of Anxiety toward Earthquake in the Overcrowded Space like Underground Shopping Center, High-rise Building and Terminal etc.: From Questionnaire Surveys to Users and Facility Managers,” The bulletin of the Institute of Socio-Information and Communication Studies, Vol.11, the University of Tokyo, pp. 81-151, 1998 (in Japanese).
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[33] T. Tokurou, “Disaster Information and Evacuation Behavior,” Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies (Ed.), “Disaster and Information, Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies – Series of Publications,” University of Tokyo Press, pp. 273-299, 1986 (in Japanese).
[34] E. L. Quarantelli and R. R. Dynes, “Images of Disaster Behavior: Myths and Consequences,” Disaster Research Center, Columbus, The Ohio State University, 1972.
[35] Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Research Group for Police Psychology (Tokyo Government’s Disaster Prevention Council), “Research on the Measures against Panic at Underground Shopping Center at Large Scale of Earthquake,” 1972 (in Japanese).
[36] Community Safety and Disaster Education Section (Tokyo Fire Department, Disaster Division), “Report on Actual Situation on Underground Shopping Center,” 1979 (in Japanese).
[37] “Disaster and Information” Research Team in Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies, the University of Tokyo, “Actual Situation on Users and Numbers of Pedestrians at Tokyo Station YAESU Underground Shopping Center,” 1981 (in Japanese).
[38] H. Osamu, N. Isao, N. Hiromichi, M. Ichiro, M. Chiho, and K. Hisako, “Inhabitant’s Behavior and Disaster Information Dissemination in an Urban Flood,” Review of media, information and society, Vol.8, pp. 87-177, 2003 (in Japanese).

This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.

[1] [1] H. Blumer, “Collective Behavior,” in A. M. Lee (Ed.), “Principles of Sociology,” New York, Barnes and Noble, pp. 67-121, 1951.

[2] [2] R.W., Brown, “Mass Phenomena,” G. Lindzey (Ed.), “Handbook of Social Psychology 2,” New York, Free Press, 1954 (Japanese translation: translated by Aoki Kazuo, 1957, included in “Lectures on Social Psychology 7 – Mass and Mass Communication” edited by Gardner Lindzey and supervised by Shimizu et.al., Tokyo, Misuzu Shobo).

[3] [3] N. J. Smelser, “Theory of Collective Behavior,” New York, Macmillan, 1963 (Japanese translation: Aida Akira & Kihara Takashi, Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 1973) .

[4] [4] I. Yoich, O. Koichi, and S. Hirofumi, “A Study on Groundless Rumor: Field Investigation on Run on the Toyokawa Shinkin Bank in Aichi Prefecture (Outlines and Facts & Data),” Comprehensive Studies on Journalism, Vol.11, No.3, Tokyo, Tokyo-sha, pp. 70-80, 1974a (in Japanese).

[5] [5] I. Yoich, O. Koichi, and S. Hirofumi, “A Study on Groundless Rumor: Field Investigation on Run on the Toyokawa Shinkin Bank in Aichi Prefecture (Review and Analysis),” Comprehensive Studies on Journalism, Vol.11, No.4, Tokyo, Tokyo-sha, pp. 100-111, 1974b (in Japanese).

[6] [6] I. Hajime (Ed.), “Lectures Social Psychology 3 – Collective Phenomena,” Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1977.

[7] [7] M. Shunji, “Natural Disaster and Panic,” in A. Kitao, M. Jifuji, and O. Keizo (eds.), “Lectures on Applied Psychology 3 – Behavioral Science at Natural Disaster,” Tokyo: Fukumura Shuppan Inc., 1988 (in Japanese).

[8] [8] K. Naoki, “Experiments on Panic – Social Psychology of Crisis,” Kyoto, Nakanishiya Publishing, 1995 (in Japanese).

[9] [9]

[10] [10] 9] M. Shunji, “Disaster Information and Panic,” in H. Osamu (Ed.), “Disaster Information and Social Psychology,” Tokyo, Hokuju Publishing, pp. 55-74, 2004 (in Japanese).

[11] [11] S. Naoya, “Collective Behavior,” K. Yuzuru and M. Yukiko (written and edited), “Vision of Modern Social Psychology 3 – Dynamics between Society and Individuals,” Tokyo, Seishin Shobo, 2010 (in Japanese).

[12] [12] K. Yoshiro, “Rumor Runs: Social Psychology of Information Spread,” Tokyo: Saiensu-sha Co., Ltd. Publishers, 1997.

[13] [13] Broom and Selznick, “Sociology,” Evanston, Ill: Row, Peterson, 1955.

[14] [14] A. Kitao, “Psychology of Panic – Horror and Lethal Weapon of Crowd,” Tokyo, Kodansha Ltd., 1974 (in Japanese).

[15] [15] A. Kitao, “Introduction to Disaster Psychology,” Tokyo, Saiensu-sha Co., Ltd. Publishers, 1982 (in Japanese).

[16] [16] A. Kitao, “Human Science of Panic – Disaster Prevention and Crisis Management of Safety,” Tokyo, Brain Publishing, 1986 (in Japanese).

[17] [17] M. Hiroshi, “Theory of Panic for Fire Protection Manager,” Tokyo, Modern Fire Fighting Company, 2005 (in Japanese).

[18] [18] H. Cantril, “The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic,” Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press., 1940 (Japanese translation: translated by Saito Koji and Kikuchi Akio, Tokyo, Kawashima Shoten, 1971).

[19] [19] F. Akira, “Panic – False Rumors and Social Anxiety,” Tokyo, Nikkei Publishing, 1974 (in Japanese). Inc.

[20] [20] T. Tokurou, “Information Panic,” in Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies (Ed.), “Disaster and Human behaviors, Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies – Series of Publications,” Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, pp. 108-124, 1982 (in Japanese).

[21] [21] M. Etsuya, “Introduction to Panic Studies – Elimination of Afterimages,” Tokyo, Tokyo and Paris Company, 1974 (in Japanese).

[22] [22] S. Naoya, “Social Psychology of “Image Contamination”,” Journal of Disaster Information Studies, pp. 78-89, 2003.

[23] [23] A. J. Bachrach and G. H. Egstorm, “Stress and Performance in Diving,” Best Publishing, 1987 (Japanese translation: translated by S. Kunihiro and M. Yoshihiro, “Diver and Panic,” Tokyo, Inoue Shoin, 1988).

[24] [24] G. Le Bon, “Psychologie des Foules,” Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1895 (Japanese translation: translated by Sakurai Naruo, Tokyo: Kodansha ltd., 1993).

[25] [25] W. McDougall, “The Group Mind,” London, Ernest Benn, 1920.

[26] [26] J. Perry and M. D. Pugh, “Collective Behavior: A Response to Social Stress,” St. Paul, West Publishing, 1978 (Japanese translation: translated by Mikami Shunji, Tokyo: Sogensha Inc., 1983).

[27] [27] E. L. Quarantelli, “The Nature and Conditions of Panic,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol.15, pp. 23-49, 1954 (Japanese translation: translated by Y. Yuichi, “Urban City and Disaster,” Gendai-no-Esprit, Vol.181, Shibundo Publishing, pp. 38-44.)

[28] [28] D. P. Schultz, “Theories of panic behavior: A review,” Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.39, pp. 317-328, 1965.

[29] [29] A. Strauss, “The Literature on panic,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol.39, pp. 317-328, 1944.

[30] [30] R. H. Turner and L. M. Killian, “Collective Behavior 2^nd ed.,” N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1972.

[31] [31] H. Yosiaki, N. Isao, T. Daisuke, N. Hiromichi, F. Mitsuru, and M. Yasutosi, “Consciousness of Anxiety toward Earthquake in the Overcrowded Space like Underground Shopping Center, High-rise Building and Terminal etc.: From Questionnaire Surveys to Users and Facility Managers,” The bulletin of the Institute of Socio-Information and Communication Studies, Vol.11, the University of Tokyo, pp. 81-151, 1998 (in Japanese).

[32] [32] S. Hirohisa, “On Some Issues of the Concept of “Panic”,” Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies (Ed.), “Disaster and Human behaviors: Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies – Series of Publications,” University of Tokyo Press, pp. 3-20, 1982 (in Japanese).

[33] [33] T. Tokurou, “Disaster Information and Evacuation Behavior,” Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies (Ed.), “Disaster and Information, Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies – Series of Publications,” University of Tokyo Press, pp. 273-299, 1986 (in Japanese).

[34] [34] E. L. Quarantelli and R. R. Dynes, “Images of Disaster Behavior: Myths and Consequences,” Disaster Research Center, Columbus, The Ohio State University, 1972.

[35] [35] Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Research Group for Police Psychology (Tokyo Government’s Disaster Prevention Council), “Research on the Measures against Panic at Underground Shopping Center at Large Scale of Earthquake,” 1972 (in Japanese).

[36] [36] Community Safety and Disaster Education Section (Tokyo Fire Department, Disaster Division), “Report on Actual Situation on Underground Shopping Center,” 1979 (in Japanese).

[37] [37] “Disaster and Information” Research Team in Institute of Journalism and Communication Studies, the University of Tokyo, “Actual Situation on Users and Numbers of Pedestrians at Tokyo Station YAESU Underground Shopping Center,” 1981 (in Japanese).

[38] [38] H. Osamu, N. Isao, N. Hiromichi, M. Ichiro, M. Chiho, and K. Hisako, “Inhabitant’s Behavior and Disaster Information Dissemination in an Urban Flood,” Review of media, information and society, Vol.8, pp. 87-177, 2003 (in Japanese).