single-dr.php

JDR Vol.8 No.4 pp. 674-685
(2013)
doi: 10.20965/jdr.2013.p0674

Review:

Promoting Education of Dual-Use Issues for Life Scientists: A Comprehensive Approach

Masamichi Minehata*, Judi Sture*, Nariyoshi Shinomiya**,
Simon Whitby*, and Malcolm Dando*

*Bradford Disarmament Research Centre, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford West Yorkshire, BD71DP, UK

**Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki Tokorozawa, Saitama 3598513, Japan

Received:
March 28, 2013
Accepted:
May 28, 2013
Published:
August 1, 2013
Keywords:
biosecurity, biorisk, education, biological weapons convention, responsible research
Abstract
Ensuring that cutting-edge science and technology are used solely for peaceful purposes is a challenge. One of the most urgent agendas facing current international society is how to address this challenge in the life sciences when there is a pervasive lack of awareness about dual-use issues in the life science community on a world-wide scale. To help mitigate this deficiency, we argue that education and awareness-raising among life scientists offer a strong foundation on which to build the responsible conduct in the life sciences. We therefore propose a comprehensive model to promote this education; starting with a background survey to highlight the current state of education about dualuse issues in life science degree courses in higher education, we follow with the development of education material and train-the-trainer programs, efforts are then recommended to influence the editors of science journals and the various funding bodies, with the final stage being the international sharing of emerging best practices in such education. We provide a rationale and current activities to illustrate each of the above agendas and show how nascent efforts have been made by individual institutions from the bottom-up and by governments and international organizations from the top-down.
Cite this article as:
M. Minehata, J. Sture, N. Shinomiya, S. Whitby, and M. Dando, “Promoting Education of Dual-Use Issues for Life Scientists: A Comprehensive Approach,” J. Disaster Res., Vol.8 No.4, pp. 674-685, 2013.
Data files:
References
  1. [1] National Research Council, “Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences,” National Academies Press, Washington, D.C, 2006.
  2. [2] E. Geissler and J. E. van Courtland Moon, “Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945,” SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Studies. No.18, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
  3. [3] M. Wheelis, L. Rozsa, and M. Dando (Eds.), “Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945,” Harvard University Press, MA, 2006.
  4. [4] Implementation Support Unit of the BWC, “New Scientific and Technological Developments Relevant to the Convention,” BWC/CONF.VII/INF.3, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
  5. [5] D. Butler, “European Biosafety Labs Set to Grow,” Nature, Vol.462, pp. 146-147, 2009.
  6. [6] J. Gaudioso, “A Survey of Asian Life Scientists: The State of Biosciences, Laboratory Biosecurity, and Biosafety in Asia,” Sandia National Laboratories, California, 2006.
  7. [7] WHO, “Facts Sheets: Infectious Diseases,”
    http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/factsheets/en/index.html [accessed July 17, 2013]
  8. [8] D. Fidler and L. L. Gostin, “Biosecurity in the Global Age: Biological Weapons, Public Health, and the Rule of Law,” Stanford University Press, CA, 2007.
  9. [9] G. D. Koblentz, “Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses,” International Security, Vol.34, pp. 96-132, 2010.
  10. [10] C. Enemark, “Disease and Security: Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in Asia,” London: Routledge, London, 2007.
  11. [11] G. S. Pearson, “Prospects for Chemical and Biological Arms Control: The Web of Deterrence,” Washington Quarterly, Vol.16, pp. 145-162, 1993.
  12. [12] International Committee of the Red Cross, “Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity,” 2003,
    http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/bwh?OpenDocument [accessed July 17, 2013]
  13. [13] B. Rappert and C. Mcleish (Eds.), “A Web of Prevention: BiologicalWeapons, Life Science and the Governance of Research,” Earthscan, London, 2007.
  14. [14] Editorial “Statement on the Consideration of Biodefence and Biosecurity,” Nature, Vol.421, p. 771, 2003.
  15. [15] InterAcademy Panel, “IAP Statement on Biosecurity,” November 2005,
    http://www.interacademies.net/?id=4909 [accessed July 17, 2013]
  16. [16] NSABB, “Strategic Plan for Outreach and Education on Dual Use Research Issues,” Report of the NSABB, NSABB, Washington, D.C, 2008,
    http://oba.od.nih.gov/biosecurity/PDF/FinalNSABBReportonOutreachandEducationDec102008.pdf [accessed July 17, 2013]
  17. [17] Wllcome Trust, “A joint Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Medical Research Council (MRC) and Wellcome Trust Policy Statement,” 2005,
    http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Policy-and-positionstatements/wtx026594.htm [accessed July 17, 2013]
  18. [18] Nature, “Preventing Pandemics: Fight Over Flu,” Nature, Vol.481, pp. 257-259, 2012.
  19. [19] T. Novossiolova, M. Minehata, and M. Dando, “The Creation of A Contagious H5N1 Influenza: Implications for the Education of Life Scientists,” Journal of Terrorism Research, Vol.3, pp. 39-51, 2012.
  20. [20] M. Dando, and B. Rappert, “Codes of Conduct for the Life Sciences: Some Insights from UK Academia,” Bradford Briefing Papers, Vol.16, 2005.
  21. [21] National Research Council, “A survey of Attitudes and Actions on Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: A Collaborative Effort of the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science,” National Academies Press, Washington, D.C, 2009.
  22. [22] G. Mancini and J. Revill, “Fostering the Biosecurity Norm: Biosecurity Education for the Next Generation of Life Scientists,” University of Bradford, Bradford, 2008.
  23. [23] M. Minehata and N. Shinomiya, “Japan: Obstacles, Lesson and Future,” in Brian Rappert (Ed.), “Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of Biological Weapons,” Australian National University E Press, Canberra, pp. 93-115, 2010.
  24. [24] D. Friedman, “Israel,” in Brian Rappert (Ed.), “Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of Biological Weapons,” Australian National University E Press, Canberra, pp. 75-92, 2010.
  25. [25] M. Minehata, “An Investigation of Biosecurity Education for Life Scientists in the Asia Pacific Region,” Research Monograph for the Wellcome Trust Project on ‘Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual Use Bioethics,’ University of Exeter and University of Bradford, Bradford, 2010.
  26. [26] N. Connell and B. McCluskey, “Bringing Biosecurity Related Concepts into the Curriculum: A US View,” in Brian Rappert (Ed.),“Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of Biological Weapons,” Australian National University E Press, Canberra: pp. 149-162, 2010.
  27. [27] “Report of the Meeting of States Parties,” BWC/MSP/2008/5, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  28. [28] Virtual Biosecurity Center, “Education Center,”
    http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/bio/educationportal.html [accessed July 17, 2013]
  29. [29] University of Bradford, and National Defense Medical Collage, “Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Through the Development of Educational Module for Life Scientists,” Poster presented at the Meeting of Experts of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  30. [30] National Research Council, “Challenges and Opportunities for Education About Dual-Use Issues in the Life Sciences,” National Academies Press, Washington, D.C, 2010.
  31. [31] B. Rappert (Ed.), “Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of Biological Weapons,” Australian National University E Press, Canberra, pp. 149-162, 2010.
  32. [32] J. Revill, M. Daniela Candia Carnevali, A. Forsberg, A. Holmstrom, J. Rath, Z. K. Shinwari, and G. Mancini, “Lessons Learned from Implementing Education on Dual-Use in Austria, Italy, Pakistan and Sweden,” Medicine Conflict and Survival, Vol.28, pp. 31-44, 2012.
  33. [33] The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction,
    http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/04FBBDD6315AC720C1257180004B1B2F?OpenDocument [accessed July 17, 2013]
  34. [34] Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea and Switzerland (on behalf of the “JACKSNNZ” ), and Kenya, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, “Possible Approaches to Education and Awareness-Raising among Life Scientists,” BWC/CONF.VII/WP.20/Rev.1, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
  35. [35] University of Bradford, “National Series: Supporting Your Biosecurity Competency,”
    http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics/nationalseries/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  36. [36] Canada, “Considerations and Recommendations to Inculcate Awareness of the Dual-Use Challenge into Biosafety and Biosecurity Training and Education for Life Scientists in States Parties,” BWC/MSP/2012/WP.4, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
  37. [37] George Mason University, “Pandemics, Bioterrorism, and International Security,”
    http://www.ocpe.gmu.edu/programs/health_public_safety/bioterrorism.php [accessed July 17, 2013]
  38. [38] University of Bradford, “Applied Dual-Use Biosecurity Education: Online Distance Learning Module 30 Masters Level Credits,”
    http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics/trainthetrainer/30creditbiosecuritymodule/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  39. [39] National Research Council, “Challenges and Opportunities for Education About Dual-Use Issues in the Life Sciences,” National Academies Press, Washington, D.C, 2010.
  40. [40] M. Minehata, J. Sture, N. Shinomiya, and S. Whitby, “Implementing Biosecurity Education: Approaches, Resources and Programmes,” Science and Engineering Ethics, October, 2011 (Online first),
    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11948-011-9321-z [accessed July 17, 2013]
  41. [41] J. Revill, G.Mancini, M.Minehata, and N. Shinomiya, “Biosecurity Education: Surveys from Europe and Japan,” Background Paper for the International Workshop on Promoting Education on Dual-Use Issues in the Life Sciences, 16-18 November, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
  42. [42] International Federation of Biosafety Associations,
    http://www.internationalbiosafety.org/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  43. [43] S. Miller and M. J. Selgelid, “Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-use Dilemma in the Biological Science,” Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol.13, pp. 523-580, 2007.
  44. [44] G. Smith, N. Davison, and B. Koppelman, “The Role of Scientists in Assessing the Risks of Dual-Use Research in the Life Sciences,” in J. L. Finney and I. Slaus (Eds.), “Assessing the Threat of Weapons of Destruction: The Role of Independent Scientists,” (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics – Vol.61), pp. 137-140, IOP Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2010.
  45. [45] A. P. Patterson, L. A. Tabak, A. S. Fauci, F. S. Collins, and S. Howard, “Research Funding: A Framework for Decisions about Research with HPAI H5N1 viruses,” Science, Vol.339, pp. 1036-7, 2013.
  46. [46] Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA), “About Us,”
    http://www.qaa.ac.uk/aboutus/Pages/default.aspx [accessed July 17, 2013]
  47. [47] QAA, “Subject Benchmark Statements: Biosciences,”
    http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Pages/Subjectbenchmark-statement-Biosciences.aspx [accessed July 17, 2013]
  48. [48] QAA, “Subject Benchmark Statements: Biomedical Science,”
    http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Pages/Subject-benchmark-statement-Biomedical-science.aspx [accessed July 17, 2013]
  49. [49] QAA,“Subject Benchmark Statements Academic Standards: Medicine,”
    http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Pages/Subject-benchmark-statement-Medicine.aspx [accessed July 17, 2013]
  50. [50] QAA, “Subject Benchmark Statements: Engineering,”
    http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Pages/Subjectbenchmark-statement-Engineering-.aspx [accessed July 17, 2013]
  51. [51] J. Revill, “Biosecurity and Bioethics Education: A Case Study of the UK Context,” Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual-Use Bioethics, University of Bradford, Bradford, 2009.
  52. [52] National Research Council, “Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism,” National Academies Press, Washington, D.C, 2004.
  53. [53] Steering Committee on Issues in Biotechnological Research in an Age of Terrorism, “Biotechnological Research in an Age of Terrorism: Report Approved by the Council of the Israel Academy of Science and Humanities and the Israel National Security Council,” Israel Academy of Science and Humanities and Israel National Security Council, Jerusalem, Israel, 2008.
  54. [54] F. Kasuga, “Situation of Dual-Use Education in Japan and Effort Taken by the Science Council of Japan Including the Outcome of Recent Symposium in Tokyo,” Presented at the Seventh Review Conference of the BWC, 12 December, United Nations. Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
  55. [55] T. Novossiolova, M. Minehata, and M. Dando, “The Creation of A Contagious H5N1 Influenza: Implications for the Education of Life Scientists,” Journal of Terrorism Research, Vol.3, pp. 39-51, 2012.
  56. [56] Science Council of Japan, “Report of the Committee on Dual-Use Issues,” 2012 (In Japanese),
    http://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-22-h166-1.pdf#page=6 [accessed July 17, 2013]
  57. [57] T. Dunworth, R. J. Mathews, and T. L. H. Mccormack, “National Implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol.11, pp. 93-118, 2006.
  58. [58] United Nations, “Final Document: Sixth Review Conference of the BWC,” BWC/CONF.VI/6, 8 December, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
  59. [59] VERTIC, “Implementing the Biological Weapons Convention,”
    http://www.vertic.org/pages/homepage/programmes/nationalimplementation-measures/biological-weapons-and-materials/bwclegislation-database/introduction.php [accessed July 17, 2013]
  60. [60] J. Sture and M. Minehata, “JSPS-ESRC Seminar Series, Dual-Use Education for Life Scientists: Mapping the Current Global Landscape and Developments: Seminar Report,” University of Bradford, Bradford, 2010.
  61. [61] OPCW, “Director General Addresses Major Chemical Education Conferences,”
    http://www.opcw.org/news/article/director-generaladdresses-major-chemical-education-conferences/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  62. [62] OPWC, “Reports,”
    http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/subsidiarybodies/scientific-advisory-board/documents/reports/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  63. [63] OPWC, “OPCW Deputy Director General Addresses Meeting of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention,”
    http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-deputy-director-generaladdresses-meeting-of-states-parties-to-the-biological-weaponsconventio/ [accessed July 17, 2013]
  64. [64] T. Novossiolova and G. Pearson, “Biosecurity Education for the Life Sciences: Nuclear Security Education Experience as A Model,” Bradford Briefing Papers (3rd Series) Vol.5, University of Bradford, Bradford, 2012.
  65. [65] M. Minehata, “Enhancing the Implementation of UNSCR1540: Education,” Presented at the UNSCR 1540 Civil Society Forum – Opportunities for Engagement, 8-10 January, UN Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), Vienna, Austria, 2013,
    http://www.stimson.org/unscr-1540-civil-society-forum-opportunities-for-engagement/ [accessed July 17, 2013]

*This site is desgined based on HTML5 and CSS3 for modern browsers, e.g. Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, Opera.

Last updated on Apr. 22, 2024