Top > JDR > Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control

single-dr.php

JDR Vol.7 No.3 pp. 281-288
(2012)
doi: 10.20965/jdr.2012.p0281

Paper:

Views over last 60 days: 441

Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control

Takashi Yamanaka, Takashi Kondo, and Tomio Matsumura

Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan

Received:
May 11, 2011
Accepted:
November 24, 2011
Published:
April 1, 2012
Creative Commons License
Keywords:
control, diagnosis, equine influenza, prevention, vaccination
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.
Cite this article as:
T. Yamanaka, T. Kondo, and T. Matsumura, “Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control,” J. Disaster Res., Vol.7 No.3, pp. 281-288, 2012.
Data files:
References
  1. [1] D. M. Morens and J. K. Taubenberger, “An avian outbreak associated with panzootic equine influenza in 1872: an early example of highly pathogenic avian influenza?,” Influenza Other Respi. Viruses, Vol.4, No.6, pp. 373-377, 2010.
  2. [2] O. Sovinova, B. Tumova, F. Pouska, and J. Nemec, “Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses,” Acta Virol., Vol.2, No.1, pp. 52-61, 1958.
  3. [3] T. Kumanomido, Y. Okuda, and Y. Akiyama, “Sudies on outbreak of equine influenza in Japan in 1971: early diagnosis by direct fluorescent antibody technique.,” Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab., Vol.9, pp. 29-34, 1972.
  4. [4] T. Yamanaka, H. Niwa, K. Tsujimura, T. Kondo, and T.Matsumura, “Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007,” J. Vet. Med. Sci., Vol.70, No.6, pp. 623-625, 2008.
  5. [5] Y. Akiyama, T. Kumanomido, K. Hirasawa, Y. Okuda, and E. Tabuchi, “Studies on outbreak of equine influenza in Japan in 1971 – Conditions of outbreak and investigation of hemaggulutination inhibiting antibody –,” Exp. Rep. Equine Hlth. Lab., Vol.9, pp. 10-28, 1972.
  6. [6] Y. Kawaoka, O. Haller, S. Hongo, N. Kaverin, H. D. Klenk, R. A. Lamb, J. McCauley, P. Palese, E. Rimstad, and R. G. Webster, in “Family Orthomyxoviridae,” edited by C.M. Fauquet, M. A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger and L. A. Ball, Elsevier Academic Press, London, pp. 681-693, 2005.
  7. [7] R. G. Webster, W. J. Bean, O. T. Gorman, T.M. Chambers, and Y. Kawaoka, “Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses,” Microbiol. Rev., Vol.56, No.1, pp. 152-179, 1992.
  8. [8] R. A. Fouchier, V. Munster, A. Wallensten, T. M. Bestebroer, S. Herfst, D. Smith, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, B. Olsen, and A. D. Osterhaus, “Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls,” J. Virol, Vol.79, No.5, pp. 2814-2822, 2005.
  9. [9] R. Paillot, D. Hannant, J. H. Kydd, and J. M. Daly, “Vaccination against equine influenza: Quid novi?,” Vaccine, pp. 4047-4061, 2006.
  10. [10] A. Gottschalk, “Neuraminidase: the specific enzyme of influenza virus and Vibrio cholerae,” Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 645-646, 1957.
  11. [11] G. H. Waddell, M. B. Teigland, and M. M. Sigel, “A New Influenza Virus Associated with Equine Respiratory Disease,” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., Vol.143, pp. 587-590, 1963.
  12. [12] R. G. Scholtens, J. H. Steele, W. R. Dowdle, W. B. Yarbrough, and R. Q. Robinson, “U.S. Epizootic of Equine Influenza, 1963,” Public Health Rep., Vol.79, pp. 393-402, 1964.
  13. [13] W. D. Wilson, “Equine influenza,” Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., Vol.9, No.2, pp. 257-282, 1993.
  14. [14] D. G. Powell, “Viral respiratory disease of the horse,” Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., Vol.7, No.1, pp. 27-52, 1991.
  15. [15] R. G. Webster, “Are equine 1 influenza viruses still present in horses?,” Equine Vet. J., Vol.25, No.6, pp. 537-538, 1993.
  16. [16] R. G. Webster and Y. J. Guo, “New influenza virus in horses,” Nature, Vol.351, No.6327, pp. 527, 1991.
  17. [17] Y. J. Guo, M. Wang, S. L. Zheng, P. Wang, W. J. Ji, and Q. H. Chen, “Aetiologic study on an influenza-like epidemic in horses in China,” Acta Virol., Vol.35, No.2, pp. 190-195, 1991.
  18. [18] K. Tamura, D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, “MEGA 5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods.,” Mol. Biol. Evol., 2011 (submitted).
  19. [19] Y. Kawaoka, W. J. Bean and R. G. Webster, “Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses,” Virology, Vol.169, No.2, pp. 283-292, 1989.
  20. [20] J. M. Daly, A. C. Lai, M. M. Binns, T. M. Chambers, M. Barrandeguy, and J. A. Mumford, “Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses,” J. Gen. Virol., Vol.77 (Pt.4), pp. 661-671, 1996.
  21. [21] A. C. Lai, K. M. Rogers, A. Glaser, L. Tudor, and T. Chambers, “Alternate circulation of recent equine-2 influenza viruses (H3N8) from two distinct lineages in the United States,” Virus Res., Vol.100, No.2, pp. 159-164, 2004.
  22. [22] A. C. Lai, T. M. Chambers, R. E. Holland, Jr., P. S. Morley, D. M. Haines, H. G. Townsend, and M. Barrandeguy, “Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere,” Arch. Virol., Vol.146, No.6, pp. 1063-1074, 2001.
  23. [23] N. A. Bryant, A. S. Rash, A. L.Woodward, E. Medcalf, M. Helwegen, F. Wohlfender, F. Cruz, C. Herrmann, K. Borchers, A. Tiwari, T. M. Chambers, J. R. Newton, J. A. Mumford, and D. M. Elton, “Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.147, No.1-2, pp. 19-27, 2011.
  24. [24] T. Qi, W. Guo, W. Q. Huang, H. M. Li, L. P. Zhao, L. L. Dai, N. He, X. F. Hao, and W. H. Xiang, “Genetic evolution of equine influenza viruses isolated in China,” Arch. Virol., Vol.155, No.9, pp. 1425-1432, 2010.
  25. [25] A. M. Damiani, M. T. Scicluna, I. Ciabatti, G. Cardeti, M. Sala, G. Vulcano, P. Cordioli, V. Martella, D. Amaddeo, and G. L. Autorino, “Genetic characterization of equine influenza viruses isolated in Italy between 1999 and 2005,” Virus Res., Vol.131, No.1, pp. 100-105, 2008.
  26. [26] V. Martella, G. Elia, N. Decaro, L. Di Trani, E. Lorusso, M. Campolo, C. Desario, A. Parisi, N. Cavaliere, and C. Buonavoglia, “An outbreak of equine influenza virus in vaccinated horses in Italy is due to an H3N8 strain closely related to recent North American representatives of the Florida sub-lineage,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.121, No.1-2, pp. 56-63, 2007.
  27. [27] L. Barbic, J. Madic, N. Turk, and J. Daly, “Vaccine failure caused an outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.133, No.1-2, pp. 164-171, 2009.
  28. [28] N. Virmani, B. C. Bera, B. K. Singh, K. Shanmugasundaram, B. R. Gulati, S. Barua, R. K. Vaid, A. K. Gupta, and R. K. Singh, “Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008-09): virus isolation, seroepidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.143, No.2-4, pp. 224-237, 2010.
  29. [29] B. Cowled, M. P. Ward, S. Hamilton, and G. Garner, “The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic,” Prev. Vet. Med., Vol.92, No.1-2, pp. 60-70, 2009.
  30. [30] N. A. Bryant, A. S. Rash, C. A. Russell, J. Ross, A. Cooke, S. Bowman, S. MacRae, N. S. Lewis, R. Paillot, R. Zanoni, H. Meier, L. A. Griffiths, J. M. Daly, A. Tiwari, T. M. Chambers, J. R. Newton, and D.M. Elton, “Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.138, No.1-2, pp. 41-52, 2009.
  31. [31] C. van Maanen and A. Cullinane, “Equine influenza virus infections: an update,” Vet. Q., Vol.24, No.2, pp. 79-94, 2002.
  32. [32] T. M. Chambers, R. E. Holland, and A. C. K. Lai, “ Equine influenza- current veterinary perspectives, part 1.,” Equine Pract., Vol.17, pp. 19-23, 1995.
  33. [33] L. Coggins, “Viral respiratory disease,” Vet. Clin. North. Am. Large Anim. Pract., Vol.1, No.1, pp. 59-72, 1979.
  34. [34] P. Sarasola, D. J. Taylor, S. Love, and Q. A. McKellar, “Secondary bacterial infections following an outbreak of equine influenza,” Vet. Rec., Vol.131, No.19, pp. 441-442, 1992.
  35. [35] J. M. Daly, K. E. Whitwell, J. Miller, G. Dowd, J. M. Cardwell, and K. C. Smith, “Investigation of equine influenza cases exhibiting neurological disease: coincidence or association?,” J. Comp. Pathol., Vol.134, No.2-3, pp. 231-235, 2006.
  36. [36] M. Quinlivan, A. Cullinane, M. Nelly, K. Van Maanen, J. Heldens, and S. Arkins, “Comparison of sensitivities of virus isolation, antigen detection, and nucleic acid amplification for detection of equine influenza virus,” J. Clin. Microbiol., Vol.42, No.2, pp. 759-763, 2004.
  37. [37] T. Yamanaka, K. Tsujimura, T. Kondo, and T. Matsumura, “Evaluation of antigen detection kits for diagnosis of equine influenza,” J. Vet. Med. Sci., Vol.70, No.2, pp. 189-192, 2008.
  38. [38] Z. Lu, E. J. Dubovi, N. C. Zylich, P. C. Crawford, S. Sells, Y. Y. Go, A. T. Loynachan, P. J. Timoney, T. M. Chambers, and U. B. Balasuriya, “Diagnostic application of H3N8-specific equine influenza real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of Canine influenza virus in clinical specimens,” J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., Vol.22, No.6, pp. 942-945, 2010.
  39. [39] V. J. McCabe, T. Sindle, and J. M. Daly, “Evaluation of the Binax NOW Flu A test kit for the rapid detection of equine influenza virus,” Vet. Rec., Vol.158, No.5, pp. 164-165, 2006.
  40. [40] T. M. Chambers, K. F. Shortridge, P. H. Li, D. G. Powell, and K. L. Watkins, “Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay,” Vet. Rec., Vol.135, No.12, pp. 275-279, 1994.
  41. [41] A. Cullinane, D. Elton, and J. Mumford, “Equine influenza – surveillance and control,” Influenza Other Respi. Viruses, Vol.4, No.6, pp. 339-344, 2010.
  42. [42] A. Cullinane, in “Infectious disease of the horse,” edited by T. S. Mair and R. E. Hutchinson Equine Veterinary Journal Ltd., Ely, 2009, pp. 21-28.
  43. [43] T. M. Chambers, R. E. Holland, L. R. Tudor, H. G. Townsend, A. Cook, J. Bogdan, D. P. Lunn, S. Hussey, P. Whitaker-Dowling, J. S. Youngner, R. W. Sebring, S. J. Penner, and G. L. Stiegler, “A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge,” Equine Vet. J., Vol.33, No.7, pp. 630-636, 2001.
  44. [44] C. Edlund Toulemonde, J. Daly, T. Sindle, P. M. Guigal, J. C. Audonnet, and J. M. Minke, “Efficacy of a recombinant equine influenza vaccine against challenge with an American lineage H3N8 influenza virus responsible for the 2003 outbreak in the United Kingdom,” Vet. Rec., Vol.156, No.12, pp. 367-371, 2005.
  45. [45] D. G. Powell, K. L. Watkins, P. H. Li, and K. F. Shortridge, “Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992,” Vet. Rec., Vol.136, No.21, pp. 531-536, 1995.
  46. [46] OIE, “Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition – Conclusions and Recommendations.,” Office Int. des Epizooties Bulletin, Vol.2, pp. 44-45, 2010.
  47. [47] M. Arao, “Equine influenza vaccine (Inactivated·Inactivated combined vaccine (revision of strain composition) ),” J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc., Vol.64, No.3, pp. 200-202, 2011.
  48. [48] T. Yamanaka, H. Bannai, M. Nemoto, K. Tsujimura, T. Kondo, and T. Matsumura, “Antibody responses induced by Japanese whole inactivated vaccines against equine influenza virus (H3N8) belonging to Florida sublineage clade2,” J. Vet. Med. Sci., Vol.73, No.4, pp. 483-485, 2010.
  49. [49] T. Yamanaka, M. Nemoto, K. Tsujimura, T. Kondo and T. Matsumura, “Interspecies transmission of equine influenza virus (H3N8) to dogs by close contact with experimentally infected horses,” Vet. Microbiol., Vol.139, No.3-4, pp. 351-355, 2009.
  50. [50] P. D. Kirkland, D. S. Finlaison, E. Crispe, and A. C. Hurt, “Influenza virus transmission from horses to dogs, Australia,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., Vol.16, No.4, pp. 699-702, 2010.
  51. [51] J. Tu, H. Zhou, T. Jiang, C. Li, A. Zhang, X. Guo,W. Zou, H. Chen, and M. Jin, “Isolation and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from pigs in China,” Arch. Virol., Vol.154, No.5, pp. 887-890, 2009.
  52. [52] W. A. Rees, J. D. Harkins, W. E. Woods, R. A. Blouin, M. Lu, C. Fenger, R. E. Holland, T. M. Chambers, and T. Tobin, “Amantadine and equine influenza: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and neurological effects in the horse,” Equine Vet. J., Vol.29, No.2, pp. 104-110, 1997.
  53. [53] W. A. Rees, J. D. Harkins, M. Lu, R. E. Holland, Jr., A. F. Lehner, T. Tobin, and T. M. Chambers, “Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of rimantadine in horses experimentally infected with influenza virus A2,” Am. J. Vet. Res., Vol.60, No.7, pp. 888-894, 1999.
  54. [54] T. Yamanaka, K. Tsujimura, T. Kondo, S. Hobo, and T. Matsumura, “Efficacy of oseltamivir phosphate to horses inoculated with equine influenza a virus,” J. Vet. Med. Sci., Vol.68, No.9, pp. 923-928, 2006.
  55. [55] S. Kohno, H. Kida, M. Mizuguchi, and J. Shimada, “Efficacy and safety of intravenous peramivir for treatment of seasonal influenza virus infection,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., Vol.54, No.11, pp. 4568-4574, 2010.
  56. [56] H. Nishiura and K. Satou, “Potential effectiveness of public health interventions during the equine influenza outbreak in racehorse facilities in Japan, 2007,” Transbound Emerg. Dis., Vol.57, No.3, pp. 162-170, 2010.

Creative Commons License  This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.

*This site is desgined based on HTML5 and CSS3 for modern browsers, e.g. Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, Opera.

Last updated on Apr. 22, 2024