Platform for Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata Models Implemented by Living Cells of Electrically Controlled Green Paramecia Designed for Transport of Micro-Particles

Kohei Otsuka; Tomonori Kawano

doi:10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0003

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JACIII Vol.18 No.1 pp. 3-8

doi: 10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0003

(2014)

Paper:

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Platform for Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata Models Implemented by Living Cells of Electrically Controlled Green Paramecia Designed for Transport of Micro-Particles

Kohei Otsuka and Tomonori Kawano

The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan

Received:

August 31, 2012

Accepted:

September 2, 2013

Published:

January 20, 2014

Keywords:

bio-automata, bio-MEMS, microbiorobotics, paramecium bursaria

Abstract

Microscopic traffic flow models are a class of scientific models of vehicular traffic dynamics. Here, we attempted to establish an experimental platform for mimicking microscopic traffic flow models at microscopic dimensions. We achieved this, by monitoring the flow of micro-sized particles transported by the motile cells of living microorganisms. Some researchers have described the cells of protozoan species as “swimming neurons” or “swimming sensory cells” applicable to biological micro-electro-mechanical systems or micro-biorobotics. Therefore these cells, in a controlled environment, may form a good model system for bio-implementable cellular automata for traffic simulation. The living cells of the Paramecium species including those of green paramecia (Paramecium bursaria), actively migrate towards a negatively charged electrode when exposed to an electric field. This type of cellular movement is known as galvanotaxis. P. bursaria was chosen as amodel organismsince the ideal micro-vehicles required for micro-particle transport must have a particular particle packing capacity within the cells. The present study establishes that the movement of cells with or without the loading of microspheres (Φ, 9.75 µm) can be controlled on a two-dimensional plane under strict electrical controls. Lastly, implementation of microchips equipped with optimally sized micro-flow channels that allow the single-cell traffic of swimming P. bursaria was proposed for further studies and mathematical modeling.

Cite this article as:

K. Otsuka and T. Kawano, “Platform for Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata Models Implemented by Living Cells of Electrically Controlled Green Paramecia Designed for Transport of Micro-Particles,” J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform., Vol.18 No.1, pp. 3-8, 2014.

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References

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[2] K. Nagel and M. Schreckenberg, “A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic,” J. Phys. I France, Vol.2, No.12, pp. 2221-2229, 1992.
[3] J. Sanchez-Medina, E. Medina-Machin, M. Diaz-Cabrera, M. J. Galan-Moreno, and E. Rubio-Royo, “Overtaking and giving way: Design and validation of a lightweight extended cellular automata urban traffic simulator,” Proc. Intell. Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2012 15th Int. IEEE Conf., pp. 746-751 (10.1109/ITSC.2012.6338736).
[4] A. Tomoeda, “Cellular automaton modeling of passenger transport systems,” In: Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway, P. Xavier (Ed.), pp. 255-274, 2012.
[5] T. Kawano, F. Bouteau, and S. Mancuso, “Finding and defining the natural automata acting in living plants: Towards the synthetic bibiology for robotics and informatics in vivo,” Commun. Integr. Biol., Vol.5, No.6, pp. 519-526, 2012.
[6] N. Miyoshi, T. Kawano, M. Tanaka, T. Kadono, T. Kosaka, M. Kunimoto, T. Takahashi, and H. Hosoya, “Use of Paramecium species in bioassays for environmental risk management: determination of IC50 values for water pollutants,” J. Health Sci., Vol.49, No.6, pp. 429-435, 2002.
[7] H. Ohkawa, N. Hashimoto, S. Furukawa, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “Forced symbiosis between synechocystis spp. PCC 6803 and apo-symbiotic Paramecium bursaria as an experimental model for evolutionary emergence of primitive photosynthetic eukaryotes,” Plant Sig. Behav., Vol.6, No.6, pp. 773-776, 2011.
[8] L. L. Pech. “Regulation of ciliary motility in Paramecium by cAMP and cGMP,” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiol., Vol.111, No.1, pp. 31-56, 1995.
[9] H. Machemer and J. E. de Peyer, “Swimming sensory cells: electrical membrane parameter, receptor properties and motor control in ciliated Protozoa,” Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, pp. 86-110, 1977.
[10] Y. Naitoh, “Protozoa,” Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in ‘Simple’ Invertebrates, (Shelton G. A. B., ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 1-48, 1982.
[11] A. Itoh, “Motion control of protozoa for bio MEMS,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. Vol.5, No.2, pp. 181-188, 2000.
[12] N. Ogawa, H. Oku, K. Hashimoto, and M. Ishikawa, “Motile cell galvanotaxis control using high-speed tracking system,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, New Orleans, pp. 1646-1651, 2004.
[13] N. Ogawa, H. Oku, K. Hashimoto, and M. Ishikawa, “Dynamics model of paramecium galvanotaxis for microbiotic application,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, pp. 1258-1263, 2005.
[14] M. Aonuma, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “Inhibition of anodic galvanotaxis of green paramecia by T-type calcium channel inhibitors,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.62c, No.1,2, pp. 93-102, 2007.
[15] T. Kadono T. Kawano, H. Hosoya, and T. Kosaka, “Flow cytometric studies of the host-regulated cell cycle in algae symbiotic with green paramecium,” Protoplasma, Vol.223, No.2-4, pp. 133-141, 2004.
[16] M. Tanaka, M. Murata-Hori, T. Kadono, T. Yamada, T. Kawano, T. Kosaka, and H. Hosoya, “Complete elimination of endosymbiotic algae from Paramecium bursaria and its confirmation by diagnostic PCR,” Acta Protozool., Vol.41, No.3, pp. 255-261, 2002.
[17] S. Furukawa, C. Karaki, and T. Kawano, “Micro-particle transporting system using galvanotactically stimulated apo-symbiotic cells of Paramecium bursaria,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.64c, No.5,6, pp. 421-433, 2009.
[18] K. Irie, S. Furukawa, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “A green paramecium strain with abnormal growth of symbiotic algae,” Z. Naturforsch. Vol.65c, No.11,12, pp. 681-687, 2010.
[19] S. Nishihama, A. Haraguchi, T. Kawano, K. Michiki, K. Nakazawa, T. Suzuki, K. Uezu, and K. Yoshizuka, “Seasonal changes in the microbial population of the water column and sediments of the Ongagawa river, northern Kyushu, Japan,” Limnology, Vol.9, No.4, pp. 35-45, 2008.
[20] T. Kadono, K. Uezu, T. Kosaka, and T. Kawano, “Altered toxicities of fatty acid salts in green paramecia cultured in different waters,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.61c, No.7,8, pp. 541-547, 2006.

This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.

[1] [1] Y. Tomita and T. Yokomori, “Automata and formal language,” Morikita Publ. Tokyo, 1992.

[2] [2] K. Nagel and M. Schreckenberg, “A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic,” J. Phys. I France, Vol.2, No.12, pp. 2221-2229, 1992.

[3] [3] J. Sanchez-Medina, E. Medina-Machin, M. Diaz-Cabrera, M. J. Galan-Moreno, and E. Rubio-Royo, “Overtaking and giving way: Design and validation of a lightweight extended cellular automata urban traffic simulator,” Proc. Intell. Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2012 15th Int. IEEE Conf., pp. 746-751 (10.1109/ITSC.2012.6338736).

[4] [4] A. Tomoeda, “Cellular automaton modeling of passenger transport systems,” In: Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway, P. Xavier (Ed.), pp. 255-274, 2012.

[5] [5] T. Kawano, F. Bouteau, and S. Mancuso, “Finding and defining the natural automata acting in living plants: Towards the synthetic bibiology for robotics and informatics in vivo,” Commun. Integr. Biol., Vol.5, No.6, pp. 519-526, 2012.

[6] [6] N. Miyoshi, T. Kawano, M. Tanaka, T. Kadono, T. Kosaka, M. Kunimoto, T. Takahashi, and H. Hosoya, “Use of Paramecium species in bioassays for environmental risk management: determination of IC50 values for water pollutants,” J. Health Sci., Vol.49, No.6, pp. 429-435, 2002.

[7] [7] H. Ohkawa, N. Hashimoto, S. Furukawa, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “Forced symbiosis between synechocystis spp. PCC 6803 and apo-symbiotic Paramecium bursaria as an experimental model for evolutionary emergence of primitive photosynthetic eukaryotes,” Plant Sig. Behav., Vol.6, No.6, pp. 773-776, 2011.

[8] [8] L. L. Pech. “Regulation of ciliary motility in Paramecium by cAMP and cGMP,” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiol., Vol.111, No.1, pp. 31-56, 1995.

[9] [9] H. Machemer and J. E. de Peyer, “Swimming sensory cells: electrical membrane parameter, receptor properties and motor control in ciliated Protozoa,” Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, pp. 86-110, 1977.

[10] [10] Y. Naitoh, “Protozoa,” Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in ‘Simple’ Invertebrates, (Shelton G. A. B., ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 1-48, 1982.

[11] [11] A. Itoh, “Motion control of protozoa for bio MEMS,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. Vol.5, No.2, pp. 181-188, 2000.

[12] [12] N. Ogawa, H. Oku, K. Hashimoto, and M. Ishikawa, “Motile cell galvanotaxis control using high-speed tracking system,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, New Orleans, pp. 1646-1651, 2004.

[13] [13] N. Ogawa, H. Oku, K. Hashimoto, and M. Ishikawa, “Dynamics model of paramecium galvanotaxis for microbiotic application,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, pp. 1258-1263, 2005.

[14] [14] M. Aonuma, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “Inhibition of anodic galvanotaxis of green paramecia by T-type calcium channel inhibitors,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.62c, No.1,2, pp. 93-102, 2007.

[15] [15] T. Kadono T. Kawano, H. Hosoya, and T. Kosaka, “Flow cytometric studies of the host-regulated cell cycle in algae symbiotic with green paramecium,” Protoplasma, Vol.223, No.2-4, pp. 133-141, 2004.

[16] [16] M. Tanaka, M. Murata-Hori, T. Kadono, T. Yamada, T. Kawano, T. Kosaka, and H. Hosoya, “Complete elimination of endosymbiotic algae from Paramecium bursaria and its confirmation by diagnostic PCR,” Acta Protozool., Vol.41, No.3, pp. 255-261, 2002.

[17] [17] S. Furukawa, C. Karaki, and T. Kawano, “Micro-particle transporting system using galvanotactically stimulated apo-symbiotic cells of Paramecium bursaria,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.64c, No.5,6, pp. 421-433, 2009.

[18] [18] K. Irie, S. Furukawa, T. Kadono, and T. Kawano, “A green paramecium strain with abnormal growth of symbiotic algae,” Z. Naturforsch. Vol.65c, No.11,12, pp. 681-687, 2010.

[19] [19] S. Nishihama, A. Haraguchi, T. Kawano, K. Michiki, K. Nakazawa, T. Suzuki, K. Uezu, and K. Yoshizuka, “Seasonal changes in the microbial population of the water column and sediments of the Ongagawa river, northern Kyushu, Japan,” Limnology, Vol.9, No.4, pp. 35-45, 2008.

[20] [20] T. Kadono, K. Uezu, T. Kosaka, and T. Kawano, “Altered toxicities of fatty acid salts in green paramecia cultured in different waters,” Z. Naturforsch., Vol.61c, No.7,8, pp. 541-547, 2006.