Power outages are a widespread societal impact of tropical cyclones; however, the relative roles of different meteorological drivers remain poorly quantified at the regional scale. This study investigates the relationship between power outages and meteorological conditions during Typhoon SHANSHAN (2024) across Japan using nationwide outage records, together with precipitation and wind observations from the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) network. Time-series and lag-correlation analyses reveal statistically significant relationships between outages and both rainfall and wind gusts, with maximum correlation coefficients reaching approximately 0.5–0.8 depending on region and lag times ranging from approximately 1 to 20 h. The relative meteorological driver varies systematically across regions. Northern Japan exhibits wind-dominated behavior with relatively long lag times, whereas central Japan, particularly in the Tokai region, demonstrates rainfall-dominated responses with short lag times. Western Japan exhibits mixed wind and rainfall contributions. These results demonstrate that outage occurrence cannot be explained solely by proximity to the typhoon track but instead reflects region-specific meteorological forcing and different temporal response characteristics among regions. These findings provide new insights into regional outage-meteorology relationships and may contribute to improved risk assessment and preparedness for future tropical cyclone events.

1. [1] D. W. Wanik, E. N. Anagnostou, M. Astitha, B. M. Hartman, G. M. Lackmann, J. Yang, D. Cerrai, J. He, and M. E. B. Frediani, “A case study on power outage impacts from future hurricane sandy scenarios,” J. of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol.57, No.1, pp. 51-79, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0408.1
2. [2] W. O. Taylor, P. L. Watson, D. Cerrai, and E. Anagnostou, “A statistical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of vegetation management in reducing power outages caused during storms in distribution networks,” Sustainability, Vol.14, No.2, Article No.904, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020904
3. [3] J. Haakana, O. Räisänen, M. Karhunen, I. Láng-Ritter, and J. Lassila, “Impact of wind speed and soil frost on electricity distribution system reliability,” Heliyon, Vol.10, No.24, Article No.e40846, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40846
4. [4] S.-G. Yum, K. Son, S. Son, and J.-M. Kim, “Identifying risk indicators for natural hazard-related power outages as a component of risk assessment: An analysis using power outage data from Hurricane Irma,” Sustainability, Vol.12, No.18, Article No.7702, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187702
5. [5] J. M. D. S. R. Neto and N. P. Bhandary, “Influence of localized rainfall patterns on landslide occurrence—A case study of southern Hiroshima with extended radar information network data during the July 2018 heavy rain disasters,” Geosciences, Vol.13, No.8, Article No.245, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13080245
6. [6] E. Rimkus, E. Stonevičius, I. Gečaitė, V. Mačiulytė, and D. Valiukas, “Impact of meteorological conditions on overhead transmission line outages in Lithuania,” Atmosphere, Vol.15, No.11, Article No.1349, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111349
7. [7] R. Nateghi, S. D. Guikema, and S. M. Quiring, “Comparison and validation of statistical methods for predicting power outage durations in the event of hurricanes,” Risk Analysis, Vol.31, No.12, pp. 1897-1906, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01618.x
8. [8] S. M. Quiring, L. Zhu, and S. D. Guikema, “Importance of soil and elevation characteristics for modeling hurricane-induced power outages,” Natural Hazards, Vol.58, No.1, pp. 365-390, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9672-9
9. [9] R. Nateghi, S. Guikema, and S. M. Quiring, “Power outage estimation for tropical cyclones: Improved accuracy with simpler models,” Risk Analysis, Vol.34, No.6, pp. 1069-1078, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12131
10. [10] R. Nateghi, S. D. Guikema, and S. M. Quiring, “Forecasting hurricane-induced power outage durations,” Natural Hazards, Vol.74, No.3, pp. 1795-1811, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1270-9
11. [11] S. D. Guikema, R. Nateghi, S. M. Quiring, A. Staid, A. C. Reilly, and M. Gao, “Predicting hurricane power outages to support storm response planning,” IEEE Access, Vol.2, pp. 1364-1373, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2365716
12. [12] H. Hou, S. Zhu, H. Geng, M. Li, Y. Xie, L. Zhu, and Y. Huang, “Spatial distribution assessment of power outage under typhoon disasters,” Int. J. of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.132, Article No.107169, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107169
13. [13] S. Nagata, Y. Maruyama, S. Suzuki, S. Sudo, S. Shimizu, K. Yoshimori, S. Yusa, and S. Toride, “Damage to power supply facilities and power outages due to Typhoon Faxai (ty1915),” Natural Disaster Research Report, Vol.57, pp. 55-65, 2022 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.24732/nied.00002376
14. [14] Y. Li, F. Xiao, X. Zhang, W. Gao, Y. Ruan, N. Zhou, and D. M. Kammen, “Extreme typhoon events trigger long-lasting power outages and require demand-side solutions to enhance energy resiliency,” Commun. Earth Environ., Vol.6, Article No.136, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02126-2
15. [15] H. Kotani and K. Nakano, “Household resilience realized by photovoltaic and battery energy system in natural hazard-triggered blackouts: Evidence from Japan,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., Vol.90, Article No.103656, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103656
16. [16] R. Tervo, I. Láng, A. Jung, and A. Mäkelä, “Predicting power outages caused by extratropical storms,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Vol.21, No.2, pp. 607-627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-607-2021
17. [17] B. Jin, T. Zeng, S. Liu, Y. Li, L. Gui, B. Zhao, K. Yin, F. Catani, and D. Peduto, “Quantitative risk assessment for rainfall-induced landslides of transmission line towers: The case of Chongqing national transmission protection regions,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., Vol.128, Article No.105715, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105715
18. [18] S. Saki, G. Sofia, B. Kar, and E. Anagnostou, “A multi-year analysis of the impact of heatwaves and compound weather events on power outages,” Sci. Rep., Vol.15, Article No.30846, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15065-x
19. [19] B. Wang, H. Shi, Y. L. Qiu, N. Deng, D. Nock, X. Shen, Z. Wang, and Y. D. Wang, “Unequal power outages induced by natural disasters,” Nature Comm., Vol.16, Article No.8947, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64012-x
20. [20] The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FEPC), “Power outage information and electricity supply and demand information for each region,” (in Japanese). https://www.fepc.or.jp/sp/bousai/link.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
21. [21] Hokkaido Electric Power Network, Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://teiden-info.hepco.co.jp/ [Accessed March 27, 2026]
22. [22] Tohoku Electric Power Network Co., Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://nw.tohoku-epco.co.jp/teideninfo/ [Accessed March 27, 2026]
23. [23] TEPCO Power Grid, Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). http://teideninfo.tepco.co.jp/ [Accessed March 27, 2026]
24. [24] Chubu Electric Power Grid Co., Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://teiden.powergrid.chuden.co.jp/p/ [Accessed March 27, 2026]
25. [25] Hokuriku Electric Power Transmission & Distribution Company, “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.rikuden.co.jp/nw/teiden/otj010.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
26. [26] Kansai Transmission and Distribution, Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.kansai-td.co.jp/teiden-info/index.php [Accessed March 27, 2026]
27. [27] Chugoku Electric Power Transmission & Distribution Co., Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.teideninfo.energia.co.jp/LWC39100.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
28. [28] Shikoku Electric Power Transmission & Distribution Company, Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.yonden.co.jp/nw/teiden-info/ [Accessed March 27, 2026]
29. [29] Kyushu Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Co., Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.kyuden.co.jp/td_teiden/kyushu.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
30. [30] The Okinawa Electric Power Company, Inc., “Power outage information,” (in Japanese). https://www.okidenmail.jp/bosai/info/index.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
31. [31] Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), “Automated meteorological data acquisition system (AMeDAS).” https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/amedas/amedas.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
32. [32] Y. Makihara, “A method for improving radar estimates of precipitation by comparing data from radars and raingauges,” J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, Vol.74, No.4, pp. 459-480, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.74.4_459
33. [33] Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), “JMA weather chart,” (in Japanese). https://www.data.jma.go.jp/yoho/wxchart/archive/index.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]
34. [34] Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) / RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center, “RSMC Best Track Data.” https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html [Accessed March 27, 2026]