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JACIII Vol.24 No.5 pp. 676-684
doi: 10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0676
(2020)

Paper:

Visualization Method Corresponding to Regression Problems and Its Application to Deep Learning-Based Gaze Estimation Model

Daigo Kanda, Shin Kawai, and Hajime Nobuhara

Department of Intelligent Interaction Technologies, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba
1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan

Received:
February 20, 2020
Accepted:
July 2, 2020
Published:
September 20, 2020
Keywords:
CNN, eye tracking, Grad-CAM, regression problem
Abstract

The human gaze contains substantial personal information and can be extensively employed in several applications if its relevant factors can be accurately measured. Further, several fields could be substantially innovated if the gaze could be analyzed using popular and familiar smart devices. Deep learning-based methods are robust, making them crucial for gaze estimation on smart devices. However, because internal functions in deep learning are black boxes, deep learning systems often make estimations for unclear reasons. In this paper, we propose a visualization method corresponding to a regression problem to solve the black box problem of the deep learning-based gaze estimation model. The proposed visualization method can clarify which region of an image contributes to deep learning-based gaze estimation. We visualized the gaze estimation model proposed by a research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The accuracy of the estimation was low, even when the facial features important for gaze estimation were recognized correctly. The effectiveness of the proposed method was further determined through quantitative evaluation using the area over the MoRF perturbation curve (AOPC).

Grad-CAM variant corresponding to regression problems

Grad-CAM variant corresponding to regression problems

Cite this article as:
D. Kanda, S. Kawai, and H. Nobuhara, “Visualization Method Corresponding to Regression Problems and Its Application to Deep Learning-Based Gaze Estimation Model,” J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform., Vol.24 No.5, pp. 676-684, 2020.
Data files:
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